Evening Republican, Volume 20, Number 284, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 27 November 1916 — Page 2

HOW TO FIGHT THE HESSIAN FLY

by Leoinard Haseman

F ALL the insect pests of v wheat the Hessian fly is I most destructive. It was first Introduced into this country in straw brought from Europe by the Hessian soldiers in Itevolutionary days.

It is widely distributed nnd does more or less injury locally every year. Like most of our destructive pests, however, it appears as a general scourge more or less periodically following a series of favorable years. One or more dry summers followed by mild winters usually brings on Hessian fly troubles. The dry weather keeps the pest in the resting t'ffifdffton fii the stubble and also prevents the plowing under of stubble and then with the early fall rains wheat is sown early and the flies appear and lay their eggs on the young wheat. These are the Ideal conditions for an outbreak of the flyThe injury to wheat is due to the work of the maggot or larval stage of the fly. The small, dark, winged, mosquitolike fly does not attack the wheat. ■The maggot rasps on the tender plant •with a pair of sharp fangs, causing a flow of sap which it drinks. The young wheat, when attacked Ift the fall, stopfc growing and turns yellow. Usually this first, appears where the ground js poorest, but if the infestation is bad 1t will flnully show up over the whole field. If the weather is favorable tillers are usually produced and the crop is not completely destroyed, unless the infestations be very severe. In aV,.v i —o ~~n*T^r~ Tiitr spring Tire wncai inn*' strong and thrifty, but as soon as the rains cease nnd the spring brood of maggots begins to feed, the wheat stops growing and turns yellow. When the pest is not too abundant the wheat may head out and produce a partial crop, though the heads do not fill properly and the grain is light. The lodging or falling of wheat begins about the time of heading and continues until it is ripe. In case of severe infestations no heads form at all. Develops Like Other Fies. The development of the Hessian fly is similar to that of other flies. The adult winged fly lays eggs on the wheat leaves. These hatch into very small, whitish maggots which feed on the sap of the plant. When nearly full fed the maggot may appear green due to the green sap it contains. When full fed the maggot turns brown and takes on the shape of a flaxseed. The maggots in the ftxseed stage are often packed together in groups of from six to thirty in the base of a wheat plant. Within- this brown ease the small maggot changes to the resting or pupal stage and later the fly emerges. In Kansas and other states of about the same latitude, there is normally one fall brood, one full spring brood and a later partial spring brood of flies. From the last of August to the middle of October the small black mosqultolike flies continue to emerge and lay eggs on the leaves of wheat. Each fly lives but a few days. The females __]ay an average of 100 eggs. When the eggs hatch the small maggots pass down between the leaf and the small stalk to feed on the stalk. By the time cold weather comes, the maggots are full fed and change to the brown flaxseed stage. In this form they spend the winter below grounc} in the crown of the wheat plant. About the middle of April they hatch and the first brood of Hessian flies appears. These flies lay eggs which hatch during May, producing the spring brood of maggots. In cuse of a warm, damp spring these may mature and produce a second brood of flies which pass the summer in the wheat stubble in the flaxseed stage. It is the brood which is mainly responsible for the destructive fall swarms of flies. While this is the normal cycle, some years additional secondary broods may appear and during a dry spring the secondary spring brood may not appear at all. Cool, dry weather always retards the development of the flywhile warm, damp weather hastens it. If there is an excess of moisture during the summer the flies may come from the flaxseed stages in the stubble and deposit eggs on volunteer wheat producing a secondary summer ibrood. In the same way a small secondary fall brood may appear during November in case of excessive rainfall though such cases are rare. Late sown wheat is seldom attacked except by the spring brood which migrates in from infested fields. The Hessian fly is most effectively controlled by proper methods of farm practice. The destruction of all infested stubble very early and the sowing Of wheat late enough in the fall

CONDENSATIONS

The United States yearly produces $200.000,000 worth of buttons. The Chinese government Is about to open Its first aviation school. Pasteboard boxes with sanitary, in-isect-proof openings have been invented jfor containing sugar and .other food In similar form. ‘ F. C. Cutlef, a poultry dealer In Townshend J _ Kk t Js said to have a pullet that was hatched April 1 and laid Its first egg August 14. * - / *• '«■ '• \-V‘

This chart shows the part played by the stubble and the young plants of the next crop, as also by volunteer wheat, in passing the Hessian fly on from crop to crop. The attack against the fly in winter wheat, therefore, must be made in the summer and fall by burning and plowing under the 6tubble and in delaying seeding until after the egg-laying period of the fly, as shown on the map above. Mere disking of stubble is not sufficient. It must be burned or plowed under deeply. Where the plants in infested fields are mostly dead, there is no need of waiting—the fields should be plowed under in early spring, the soil thoroughly rolled, and planted to a crop other than wheat or barley. The only hope of the wheat grower lies in prevention, as once the growing crop is infested nothing can be dofie to lessen the damage. In the case of spring wheat, sowing should be done as early as conditions permit so that the plants may get a good growth and be in better condition to withstand the spring’crop of maggots. Where spring wheat is -rtrmeiTtSyThe~ffy Tt~sFfould be destroyed by harrowing, disking or pasturing. Where rotations are possible they furnish the best method of starving the fly on an infested field. Wheat following infested wheat may keep the fly alive where other crops give the fly no chance to winter. rye also support the fly, and should not be used in such rotations.

to escape the fall brood of flies are the most practical** methods known for controlling this pest. Since the pest is found in the wheat stubble during the summer in the resting flaxseed stage it can be completely destroyed if all infested stubble be destroyed. Plowing under stubble early in July where it is not too dry, is the most logical and economical method of placing the stubble where the pest will be destroyed. Some farmers disk thoroughly and then in a week or two plow the stubble under. In case the pest be located in the stubble above ground, burning off stubble will destroy it though the stubble is also lost. The flaxseed stages are often located so low in the stubble that burning them inay not destroy all of them. By all means get rtd of ntt stubble in the Infested regions before August. Co-op-eration is necessary. One infested stubble field will furnish flies for a whole community. Farmers must work together in order to fully destroy the pest. After the stubble has been plowed under, work the ground so asp to pack it, and keep down all volunteer wheat. Sow Wheat Very Late. The second effective remedy for the fly is to sow wheat as late in the fall as possible so as to escape the heavy swarm of flies. If wheat is not yet up when the flies come they die without a place to lay their eggs and the crop escapes injury. It is folly to suppose that wheat sown after the swarm has come and gope, will be as badly infested as early sown wheat. As an example, in a normal fall the flies have largely come and gone In north Missouri by October 1, in central Missouri by October 7 nnd in south Missouri by October 15 and wheat sown aftero these dates is seldom attacked by the fly in the fall. Late sown wheat may suffer severe injury in the spring if the spring brood of flies migrates to it from neighboring fields which were sown sufficiently early in the fall to be attacked by the fall brood of flies. It shows poor judgment to sow wlveat in August or September for pasture, in a region where the fly is abundant. Look out for trouble in the crop of wheat"following a year in which the Hessian fly has been destructive. Avoid this by thoroughly destroying the infested* stubble and by sowing late enough in October to escape the fall swarm of flies. If these precautions are taken by all farmers there is no need of completely abandoning the growing of wheat in any community for a few years. Life History—The adult flies of the fall brood appear in the fields early in September, and the females scatter about to lay their eggs on the young wheat plants as soon as they are large enough. These eggs are laid in regu: lar rows of one to a dozen along the j veins on the upper side of the wheat I blades. The individual egg is very

Sudan grass yields from to eight tons of cured hay to i n acre. Every young man In Cednrvllle, Wis., a small settlement in Marinette county. Is n member of a newly organized anti-tobacco club. As a new seashore amusement device, an Inventor has patented u trolley car supported by floats that is driven over water by screw propellers, I Two Illinois inventors have patented a bracket with which It is possible to bang both shades and curtains at windo w£ without using Kills or screws.

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

SOW SPRING WHEAT EARLY

This destructive wheat pest can be controlled only by careful farming methods, and farmers of the whole .community must work together in order to protect their grain crops.

small, about one-flftieth of an Inch long, of a glossy reddish eolor. In about three to five days these eggs hatch Into small reddish larvae scarcely larger than the egg from which they hatched, and these larvae migrate down the blade between the leafsheath and the stem until they reach a point near the root. Here they stop, begin to absorb the plant juices, and cause a gall-like enlargement or swelling at the point of attack. They grow rapidly, and three weeks later are thick, whitish maggots about oneeighth of an inch long. Become Lively in April. Once fully grown the larvae contract, leaving their outer skins to form hard, dark brown shells, commonly known as flaxseeds or pupuria, and remain in this condition and situation through the winter. Inside tlj,e§S flaxseeds the white larvae may be found until toward spring when they change to the pupa stage. Early in April the pupae push off the end of the flaxseeds and then force their way out from under the enveloping leaf-sheath. Having found a way out of the plant the thin pupal skin splits and the adult fly escapes. Eggs are laid back on the wheat during April and early May and the same development is gone through as in the fall, except that the migrating larvae locate in the first or second joints above the roots. They become full grown and enter the flaxseed stage before harvest, remaining in the stubble through the summer if it is ormaliy dry, to give forth the adult flies of the fall brood in September; but if the summer is rainy many will come forth soon after harvest and go through an additional summer brood on the volunteer wheat. The injury by the Hessian fly is done during the fall and spring by the growing larvae of the two broods. In the fall the first effect of attack is to cause the wheat to become abnormally dark green and to tiller freely, later turning yellowish and brownish and finally killing the affected blades. The field then appears dead in spots, or sometimes over the whole field. Badly attacked plants may later recover if there is plenty of moisture. In the spring the presence of the larvae"in the lower joints interferes with the sap flow and weakens the straw, so that the-heads fail to fill and toward harvest the straw Is apt to crinkle or break at the point of attack so that the grain becomes badly lodged and often not worth harvesting. Only wheat, rye and barley among our cultivated grains are attacked by the Hessian fly. crops is a practicable Hessian fly control pleasure, for not only does the bringing in of corn, oats, alfalfa, or clover tend to starve out the pest, but if the wheat field is changed the fall brood of ..flies must migrate to more or less distant fields to find wheat and this results in a large mortality among them.

A woman is the patentee of a telephone in which the transmitter and receiver are combined in one instrument and inclosed in a hood sor 1 privacy. A water tank and tower in a Texas town, built entirely of re-enforced concrete, has withstood gales that have wrecked dwellings in its vicinity. The resignation of Rev. Dr. C. C. Smith, pastor of the Baptist church at Uoodhouse, 111., left the town with a population of 2,000, without a resident pastor.

CLOTHES NEVER MORE GORGEOUS

Good Reason Why Season Will Go Down Into History as Age of Gold. EXPENSE GIVEN NO THOUGHT Gowns Designed for American Women Command Prices Which a Few Years Ago Would Have Been Considered Fabulous —— Fr'tf New York.—lt Is not an exaggeration to say that clothes are made of bullion. That is why this season will go down into dress history as the age of gold. Possibly, when the de Medicis reigned in Italy, and when the most gorgeous trousseau in the world was prepared for the young Catherine, Princess of Florence, who was to marry a French king, the son of Francois Premier, there might have been such gowns included as Prance offers America today. The only single item of expense that the dressmakers forgot to place on the gowns of today was precious jewels. There is a feeling on the part of many women who pay for these new clothes, that there must be a diamond hidden somewhere in the folds. Everything that could be devised to create expense was thought of and used. Every animal in the land gave up its hide; every glittering stone that could be produced from crystals, natural and artificial, was gathered together and facetted by skilled workmen and raised 40 per cent of their original price. All the bullion in the laud that was not real gold was spun into threads miles and miles long and laid in great heaps at the sides of needle w orkersywho were paid their own price for the workmanship that has not been equaled since the sixteenth century. Stained glass windows, historic altar clothes and jeweled robes placed about the madonnas In gothic churches, gave up their designs, in order that the American woman’s gown might be more sumptuous ift appearance. Where ordinary furs-could not be used, expensive processes were invented to shave these hairs into a resemblance of the peltry of precious animals. and the cost was added to the gown’s price. Sprinkled With Semi-Precious Gems. The designers of clothes looked to the jewelers to help them get quantities of brilliant quartz, artificially colored onyx and peculiarly cut bits of glass that could be sprinkled over the surface of tulle, satin and net. A fine, new thread of gold was spun which would hold these semi-precious gems in place. This was made of bullion threads in three colors —red, blue and Roman gold —which were skillfully wound together into tiny ropes that would loop themselves into masses of color on a brilliant surface. Peculiar crystals were found by the men who know mineralogy, that could be cut to exactly resemble the great

A conspicuous frock brought to America, of bright green taffeta, with a bodice of jewels.

jewels of the fifteenth century, the sapphires and emeralds that hung over cloth-of-gold gowns and were imbedded in the stomachers of Elizabeth, Catherine de Medici and Mary, Queen of ScotsJv The old method of using flat gold threads was brought back into the process of gown-building. Its old name Lame was kept The name was taken from the method by which this gold thread was pounded and beaten until it became a supple blade of grass and could be run in and out of the net in any design attempted. Marvelous Needlework. Needleworkers were called up from the furthermost recesses of French art work, and Belgian refugees who had crowded the Institutions of Paris were given work to do in which they were skilled and superior. Whole surfaces of gowns were so closely embroidered with bullion threads that they resembled a fif-teenth-century coat of mail. When the French designers began to fashion all these magnificent materials into gowns for American women, they painted the lily and gilded refined gold; in other words, they heaped precious peltry on .some precious gems, held them together with bullion, worked rare lace into the spaces imd provided a foundation of metal

tissue that was revived from the twelfth century. The High Price of DreMlng. And now do you see why this period will go down Into history as the Age of Gold? Everything will glitter that women will wear this winter, and it will be gold, sliver, steel, crystals and gorgeous fabrics. It Is not possible, however, to buy such clothes »t the usual price. Paris did not Intend this to be done, and yet, to do her full Justice, she does not believe that out of the glory of her clothes she will receive more profit, If as much, than she has received in recent years. Why? Because all work, fabrics and dyeing have become expensiveybeyond counting in Paris. The cost of satin went up to $lO a yard, brocade

This gown was made by Doeuillet, with jet beads and rhinestones. Its wide girdle is embroidered in gold.

went up to S3O a yard and more, and panne velvet went up to S2O and more. Look at some of the gowns in detail. Callot made a dinner gown of green silk in an exceedingly rare color and weave, and the entire bodice across the back and extending over the hips was like a brilliant beetle worked out with infinite skill through tjie medium of unusual metal threads, semiprecious. gems and touches of espe* cially dyed floss. •*" Gorgeous Gown for Actress. Bulloz made a gown for Miss Elsie Ferguson, which is a museum piece. Its" cost was reckoned anywhere over $650. Miss Ferguson wore this on the opening night of her new play. It is a straight, medieval gown of net, which is so entirely covered with gold bullion threads that not a particle of the net is visible. The lower petticoat is bf a specially woven piece of solid gold lace, and the swinging, medieval drapery from the shoulders at the back that extends over the arms to the wrists and is caught at the hips and trails to she ground, is of black lace heavily embroidered in gold threads in an ecclesiastical design of the fourteenth century. It Is commonly supposed tO'he the longest piece of uncut lace drapery ever used in the making of clothes. Take another gown made by Bulloz for Mary Garden. This Is called Griselldis and she will wear It when she sings the title role of the opera of that name. It is a medieval frock of pearl gray satin which has a long tunic dropped over a chemise of gray chiffon. The bodice is entirely embroidered in jewels and held by gold and" silver threads. (Copyright, 1916, by the McClure Newspaper Syndicate.)

FASHION TAKES UP PONCHO

As a Departure From the Usual Frills and Ribbons They Have Been Declared Interesting. The first adaptation of an Indian poncho stands as an impressive finger post pointing to a new era in American dress. It is a modernized copy of the painted-skin garment worn by Indian women, adapted to suit the taste of the twentieth century. The original poncho is a specimen In the American Museum of Natural History in New York, a painted, ragged edged skin with a hole for the neck/ in block design of rich red, black and yellow. ’The modern adaptation is developed in heavy crepe de chine of leather color, with mottled Batik work in red. The neck is cut with a simple V, following out the model. The middle of the garment is decorated with a broad band of red with an Indian pattern. Around the V of the neck and draping the waist is a bronze cord finished with little tassels. Of course, the cord is not Indian fashion, but is the concession to grace and charm of line that the presentday American woman demands. The bottom of the Skirt is very uneven, after the idea of the animal skin.

Unusual Effect.

A tip from the .dressmaker at home is to line the pointed overskirts and the shorter tunic skirts, and even tliS Skirts themselves, with a bright contrasting color of satin. Revers are also lined, flaring cuffs likewise. The effect of a dark blue or a black satin dress, lined with crimson, bright blue, pearl gray or white, is so attractive that one stops to admire the ensemble.

REMARKABLE STATEMENT Mrs. Sheldon Spent SI9OO for Treatment Without Benefit. Finally Made Well by Lydia E. Pinkham VVeg- ‘ etable Compound. Englewood, 11l. — “While golti* through the Change of Life I suffered ■with headaches, nervousness, flashes of heat, and I suffered so much I did >not know what I waa doing at times. I spent SI9OO on doctors and not one did me any good. One day a lady called at my house and said she had been as sick As I was at one time, and Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound made her well.soltookitand now lam just as well as I ever was. I cannot understand why women don’t see how much pain ana suffering they would escape by taking your medicine. I cannot praise it enougn for it saved my life and kept me from the Insane Hospital.’’—Mrs. E. Sheldon, 6667 S. Halsted St, Englewood, 111. Physicians undoubtedly did their best, battled with this case steadily and could do no more,but often the most scientific treatment is surpassed by the medicinal properties of the good old fashioned roots and herbs contained in Lydia E.| . Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound. If any complication exists it pays to write the Lydia E. Pinkfiam Medicine Co., Lynn, Mass., for special free advice. Don’t Persecute Your Bowels Cut out cathartics and purgatives. They an brutal, harsh, unnecessary. CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS Mmn 8 Purely vegetable. Act ADT F D gently on the liver. uHn I Liw eliminate bile, MITTLE soothe the H lurn membrane of th riRRKW ■ LY. . _ bowel. I PILLS. Constipation, \\ I Biliousness, . Sick Head- , ache and Indigestion, at millions know# SMALL PILL, SMALL DOSE, SMALL PRICE. Genuine must bear Signature Not So Mean. “They asked old Goldman If they could put him down for a thousand dollars for the charity fund and he gave assent.” “The mean old skinflint.” Dr. Pierce’s Pleasant Pellets are the original little liver pills put up 40 years ago. They regulate liver and bowels.—Adv. Nor One Cent. If this war were only costing one dollar a day It would not be worth It even then. Important to Mothers Examine carefully every bottle of CASTORIA, that famous old remedy for infants and children, and see that It Signature of In Übo for Over 30 Years. Children Cry for Fletcher’s Castoria ‘ * The efficiency of the steam turbine has Increased 35 per cent ,in the last two or three years. Methuselah completed nine centuries and never rode In an automobile.

Feel Achy All Over ? To ache all over In damp weather, or after taking a cold, isn’t natural, and often indicates kidney weakness. Uric acid causes many queer ache& pains and disorders of the organs. Well kidneys keep uric acid down. Tired, dizzy, nervous people would do well to try Doan’s Kidney Pills. They stimulate the kidneys to activity and so help clear the blood of irritating poisons. An Illinois Case Mrs. Hattie Reddick, 2637 W. Harrison St., -J* J Chicago, 111., says: "I 1 1\< had rheumatic pains in my sides and Joints. Nor rW My back was racked \ with sharp twinges / and I was so stiff; I / wr/iAHW had to use a cane. I V , couldn’t get up from Hi l wSM a chair without help.j EHJ | InH I felt tired, weak and nan l! ‘mi nervous. Doan's KtdU n/Mft ney Pills restored me ■/ IfipL to good health after Tj H LP w doctors’ medicines had 'TjvLJj tiT failed and I have had little trouble since.” Gat Doan's at Any Storo, 80c a Box DOAN’S •VfJi.V FOSTER-MILBURN CO.. BUFFALO. N. Y. “Whtl'i thft auur, Ifathvr, r*» loot oo thou*h as tow I «ot to ooSot wHh mjr dyopofoio oftooronlo. OH whU, hat I’d «ho o farm ti I ooold lura mjnoU 10000 oo* oat ovary «oU«raod thins 1 wont, oomo u othrr Mho do.” . tor aid oka* didot too* .bout tho (roat rom«d> Green’s August Flower A Mfoahtg to those with weak stomachs, constipation, nervous Indigestion and similar disorders. When the stomach and bowels are In working order general good health prevails. When not hi working order, use Green’s August Rower. 25c. and 75c. at ail Drugglits.