Evening Republican, Volume 20, Number 199, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 19 August 1916 — Page 3

OUR ENORMOUS DAIRY INDUSTRY

During the last twelve months the American cote helped her master make three and a half billion dollars—Old Bossy is a regular gold mine when given proper treatment

By ROBERT H. MOULTON.

brick clay and cement. Milk production of the United States for 1915 was 11,590,000.000 gallons, or an average production of 537 gallons per cow. This production is equivalent to about 115 gallons per capita population of the country. At an average price of 20 cents per gallon, the year’s production of * milk is valued at about .$2,320,000,000 to the farmers. On January 1, 1916, there were estimated to be 21,988,000 dairy cows in the United States, valued approximately at $53.90 per head, or an aggregate grand total valuation of $1,185,119,000 for all milch cows. The United States exported 9,850,705 pounds of butter, valued at $2,392,480 during 1915. Americans are great consumers of butter, and yearly more than 1,800,000,000 pounds is manufactured in this country, a large proportion of which is made at the farm home. The rural cream- . erles have proved a big factor in farming business, and fqrm the Center of marketing operations. The valuation of butter made in factories approximated more than $182,000,000 last year, while this season gives every indication of 000,000 mark. Farmers are finding that co-opera-tive effort in the manufacture of butter obtains a higher market for them. The loss made in butter on farms has been tremendous. Dairy experts, by actual Investigations, calculate that of the annual $182,000,000 product, ' on the basis of 30 cents per pound for butter at the local market, the annual loss avenges between two and five cents per pound, or from $30,000,000 to $80,000,000, due to the careless methods employed on the average farm. This great item of loss would save enough in a year almost to buy a moderate-priced automobile for every farmer not today owning one. The increased high cost of dairy feeds has demanded that the dairy farmer become a specialist In cow rations. The profitable production of milk on a dairy farm Involves two very difficult problems: The formation of a herd that will give in the milk pail liberal returns for the cost of feed and care, and caring for the milk to keep it m the best marketable condition. It was found several years ago that two or three cows might be large producers while the remainder of a herd of a dozen cows would possibly fail to give sufficient milk to pay their board bilL This fact has caused the organization of the community cow-testing associations in various parts of the country, this work saving as its object the calculation of the individual cow’s production. By the aid of the Babcock testing apparatus, modern dairymen place their cows on record, giving due credit for butterfat produced. This work has built up one of the highest specialized features of present-day farming, A great and intricate problem is Involved in

HE value of the products of the | American dairy cow is greater than the value of all the metallic minerals produced, such as gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, pig iron, etc. It is also larger than the total value of the nonmetallic minerals, namely, bituminous coal, Pennsylvania anthracite, petroleum, natural gas,

supplying cities with milk and in meeting the growing demands of such centers with pure milk. Chicago alone consumes 1,000,000,000 quarts of milk annually, while thousands of cans of condensed milk and pasteurized milk are used for breakfast. Milk is shipped from farms as far as 300 miles away, reaching the city in time for breakfast the next mprning. Because of the immense demand for milk, the necessity of having it 6f the highest quality and the need for an economical method of collection and distribution, great milk companies were formed several years ago, which erected milk-collecting stations in Illinois and adjoining states, along the railroads, where milk is received for shipment. The milk thus received direct from the farmers Is handled in the best possible manner, shipped in 40-quart cans, by the carload. The “milk train” is one of the common phases of all railroads connecting with a large American city today. The task of supplying great cities with milk has become a highly specialized industry. The process of gathering, transporting and distributing the fresh milk supply of a large city is one of the complex tasks confronting those who provide the country’s daily food. The entire milk production of the country must be cared for every day. Fresh milk is the only product that must quickly come to the consumer. It cannot be stored when there is a flood of it and carried over until there is a shortage, although modern refrigeration has served to solve a part of this problem. Today’s supply must meet tomorrow’s demand. When one realizes that the city of Chicago must have 5,000,000 pounds of milk daily, it is easily understood that prompt conversion of this product into money is no small task. The changes in the geographic distribution of the population of the United States, in the centers of agricultural production, and in the methods of transportation have had a marked influence on the localization of the dairy industry. In early days the dairy farmer supplied demands within a restricted area, but the development of railroads and refrigeration has had considerable effect on the character of the industry in its centralization. Milk has been a food and drink for young and old ever since prehistoric times, and the reason for this is that milk is one of the most desirable of human foods. It remained for modern analytical processes to prove that milk is the cheapest and most valuable of food products, especially when compared with meat. The department of agriculture has discovered that for 25 cents worth of a given product, milk is a more valuable food than meat. The grim words employed by the South Carolina board of health, “A fly in the milk may mean a baby in the grave,” have gone over the land and left their impression upon the minds of farmers and milk consumers. Flies bear germs, and a single germ in a milk bottle breeds a deadly million in a few hours. Too often during the last 50 years we have read of epidemics of Jyphoid and similar diseases being traced directly to a contaminated milk supply. Of all human foods, possibly none is more succeptible to contamination than milk, particularly in hot weather when in the months of June, July and August, the babies of the country die by the thousands. Diseases of the digestive organs cause 40 per cent of the deaths in many cities. Cow’s milk is the exclusive food for a great majority of the American children up to the time they are one year old, and it is the chief food of practically all children from the age of one to five. The whiteness and opaqueness of milk serve as a covering and shelter for Insoluble substances. The theory that clean milk possesses long-keep-ing qualities has been found true with certified milk.. Instances are on record where certified milk has been taken on an ocean voyage and not only brought back in good condition, but also kept sweet until 30 days old. When your milk is sour after - a few hours, it is certain that it is not clean milk. A number of certified milk dairies in the United States sent exhibits of milk to the Paris exhibition In 1900, and the milk kept sweet for two weeks.

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

and in some Instances 18 days, after being bottled following a summer journey of 3,000* and 4,000 miles. This merely serves to Illustrate what milk consumers may expect for the future pure products. American cheese, of which the exports decreased from nearly 150,000,000 pounds in 1881 to less than 2,500,000 in 1914, is again finding its way to foreign markets in rapidly increasing amounts. For the last half of 1914, 2,500,000 pounds were exported, while January saw some 3,000,000 pounds shipped to foreign countries, and February 7,500,000, so that the aggregate for the first three months of 1915 amounted to 13,000,000 pounds. The demand for ice cream has been a great benefit to the dairy industry by the absorption of the milk surplus. Millions of gallons of ice cream are manufactured from artificial ingredients, due to lack of dairy products to meet the growing demand for this toothsome and refreshing article. Nevertheless, nearly 18,000,000 gallons of ice cream are annually manufactured from cream and milk. This branch of the dairy industry has achieved its greatest growth during the last decade, owing to the Increased number of summer resorts and parks. The ice cream factories of the United States annually demand 30,000,000 gallons, or 250,000,000 pounds, of cream; 250,000,000 pounds of whole milk, and 15,000,000 gallons of condensed milk. Taking 14 cents as the average price paid for each gallon of milk, ice cream factories each year pay the enormous sum of $32,000,000 to farmers for raw materials. The ice scream when retailed brings a price of $160,000,000, standing foremost among the popular luxuries of the day in the United States.

THE APPLE AS MEDICINE.

A modern scoffer has recently asked whether it would be possible that Eve yielded to the serpent because he told her that apples were good for the complexion. Whether this argument was needed or not, there is no question that it is a true one. Nothing in all our varied and fascinating range of fruits holds quite the same quality as the apple. A raw, ripe apple at its best is digested in 85 minutes, and the malic acid which gives it its distinctive character stimulates the liver, assists digestion and neutralizes much noxious matter which, if not eliminated, produces eruptions of the skin. “They do not satisfy like potatoes," some people, to whom they have been recommended as food, have said, but the starch of the potato, added to the surplus of starch we are always eating, renders it undesirable as an article of too frequent consumption.

ALL CLIMATES AT ONCE.

The supply department of the Panama canal organization has been endeavoring to develop a supply of fresh vegetables that would not have to be shipped in cold storage, a? is necessary with those sent from the United States. A colony of Spanish-Americans has recently taken up the cultivation of vegetables on the slopes of the volcano Irazu. The gardens begin at an elevation of 5.000 feet, where tropical fruits are raised and end at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, where the more delicate fruits of the temperate zone are raised. The soil is a porous loam of volcanic ash, 15 feet in depth and very rich. Shipments have already been begun by a weefcry- steamer, and if more satisfactory transportation can be arranged, these gardens will be able to supply the Canal Zone with a large quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits. —Christian Herald. • - ’ • / '

ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN.

Nearly all the work on the Paris newspapers is now being done by women. . , There are over 2,500 woman stock herders and raisers in the United States. - In addition to over 1,000 postwomen employed before the war, the British postal department has added over 2,000 ‘more to act as temporary post women while the war is in progress.

TRAINING TODAY’S BOYS AND GIRLS

Child Should Know That Minutes Make Hours. WATCHES FOR OLDER ONES Punishing Them for Being Late Does Not Help Them Acquire the “Time Sense” That Is So Important By SIDONIE M. GRUENBERG. AS I was leaving the house to keep a dinner engagement a neighbor with her little boy came along, the mother greatly agitated and the child only slightly perturbed. The mother was speaking. “Now you’ll have to go to bed without supper, as you did last night. I will not have you coming home so late.” And the boy protested: “I didn’t know it was so late. I meant to come home early." The next day, when I met my neighbor in a calmer mood, she felt that she had to explain the scene of the previous evening. She always lets her children go out unattended; she expects them to learn how to take care of themselves. And she punishes them if they come home late; she expects theirs thus to If’arn to know time and the value of time. There is no doubt that in the course of months or of years those children will learn to come home betimes and to keep engagements through the method pursued by their mother. But I wondered whether the same results could not be attained without the irritations and ill-feeling that this method seemed to bring forth. The method of rewards and punishments is the most ancient one, and has produced valuable results. But it is in many ways crude as well as ancient, and it Is certainly not universally the best. I asked the mother whether the child had a watch or any other means of knowing the time. "No,” she said; “he is too careless to have a watch. If

Taught to Look at the Watch From Time to Time.

he had one Tm sure he would forget to wind it or he would get it out of order in a week. “Is it fair,” I asked her, “to expect the child to know what time it is when he has no means of finding out? I wonder how many adults, with all their experience, would know that it was time to stop when in the midst of some Interesting pastime, if they had no outward sign or warning?” It would seem that the burden of responsibility for supplying the information or the means for getting it in a matter of this kind should be assumed altogether by the parent. Where there is no public clock in the vicinity of the children’s play, arrangements should be made for informing them of the passage cf time. We should see to it that at least one of the children in the group has a watch, for children that are old enough to play without supervision are old enough to learn how to care for a watch, as well as how to read the ime. They can also be taught to look at the watch from time to time, until they have learned to feel about how much play they can accomplish in an hour or in half an hour. Watches that are sufficiently reliable for all ordinary purposes are cheap enough nowadays, so that every child should have the advantage of owning one. For the watch can be made a useful Instrument In the education of the child. .As soon as he is able to read time he can become his own timekeeper, although some children learn this much more easily than others. Providing some positive means for keeping track of the passing minutes is a much more satisfactory way of teaching the child than letting him flounder about and then punishing him for his blunders. It is hard to imagine the child having any feeling except that of galling Injustice, on being deprived of' his supper for doing the most natural titfig in the wprld —that is, mntluulng to play so long as there is

anyone to play with. It fa very likely that with most children the Imposition of a penalty iri a case of this kind will have practically no value toward the acquisition of a “time sense,” since children generally look upon penalties in the light of retribution for disobedience, or for infraction l of laws, but seldom connect them specifically with their shortcomings leading to the misconduct. To the analytical adult mind the purpose suggests the connection, but to the child’s mind the connection is absent We are not all equally endowed with the “time sense,” and In some persons it is conspicuously lacking. But a great deal can be done to cultivate it in the home. The most important element in this training is a regular daily program, in which as much as possible of the routine finds a fixed point. Through this all the members of the household should come to a realization of the responsibility of each to observe the program so far as it has to do with the common activities of the family. Being late should come to mean an Infringement upon the time of others. We wdll make allowances for delays, but we should not be made to wait unnecessarily. This is the les-

Waiting and Losing Time Mean Nothing to the Child.

son that the child should learn first of all in the matter of time and ap polntments. But waiting and “losing time” meas nothing to the child until he hai learned to appreciate time for himself In this the watch as a marker ol time units is of great value. We appreciate time as the substance of life To the Child it means the enjoyment of activities and sensations that are marked, not only by intensity but alsc by duration. To enjoy the games and the reading and the dreaming o! dreams is to live. To be able to measure the duration of these things, by noting from time to time the passing oi an hour or two, is to learn the value of minutes in terms of how much life the minutes can yield. Penalties and reproofs may direct the child’s attention to the fact that adults attach some significance tc time. But they will not teach him tc evaluate time for himself. For thii he must have guidance and assistance of a positive kind.

Dog Whip for Wrong Doing.

The mother of General Gorgey Hungary, who has just passed ajvaj at the age of ninety-nine, brought uj her son on very Spartan principles Speaking of her some time before he died, the general said to one ol his friends: “I was a sickly child, and she concentrated upon me her maternal affection with peculiar Intensity. She determined not to kill me by pampering. One day, it seems, I swooned. Thereupon she laid me naked ii the snow outside the door, saying, '*ll he is to die he will die, but if he is tc live it will make him strong.* I sur vived and became strong. “In my seventh year I remembei her calling me one day and saying ‘You are now'old enough to know the difference between right and wrong Here is a pencil and a piece of paper. When you do anything that you know to be wrong, make a mark on the paper. At the end of the week bring me the paper. This I did and received as many cuts with the dog whip as there were marks on the paper.” Gorgey spoke with the utmost affection of his mother.

Good Little Willie.

With a “ki-yl” and an aggravating rattle, the scared dog shot around the corner, a tin can hanging from the end of its tail. The small boy who had fixed the tin can in its place stopped laughing when a stern voice came to his ears - “William!” It was his father whs spoke. “Did you tie that tin can tc the poor dog’s tall?” Willie did some rapid thinking Then he replied. Innocently: “Yes, father, I did. Pm trying tc do one kind act every day, and that dog is always chasing cats, so I tied the tin can to its tail so that it would make a noise and warn the poor little cats.”

New Fashions.

Otto Kahn, the noted financier, philanthropist and music patron, said at a dinner in New York: “At gala performances at the opera the ladies wear decollete gowns, and now, I suppose, they will wear decollete skirts as well—short skirts, J mean to say. “A young husband bustled into his wife’s dressing room one evening before dinner. He looked at her, in all her dazzling loveliness, as she posed before her three-leaf mirror, and then he said : “‘What are you dressed for now, dear —opera or operation?”* at