Evening Republican, Volume 19, Number 273, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 17 November 1915 — Page 2

LEARN THE RETAIL CUTS OF BEEF

I A LARGS majority of meat consumers have no knowledge whatever of the food value of meat from different parts of the carcass, but make their selections of meat solely according to habit or fancy. 'ln fact, little accurate data along this line has hitherto been available to those who wished to buy meats on a rational basis. As a result, a few well-known cuts are generally in demand, and the remainder of the carcass is a "drug on the market” To such an extreme has this condition developed that a portion of the carcass (loin and ribs), forming only about one-fourth of Its weight, represents nearly one-half of its retail cost In view of the large place which meat occupies in the America diet amounting to nearly one-third of the average expenditure for all food, the importance of an intelligent understanding of the subject on the part of the consumer is readib apparent Not only are the foregoing statements true of meat producers and consumers essential to the entire beefcattla industry, on the one hand, and the economic welfare of the beef-eat-ing public on the other, that a more Intelligent understanding of the different cuts of meat be acquired by consumers generally. An increased demand for those portions of the carcass which are now difficult for the butcher to dispose of would contribute largely toward a more stable condition of the trade and thus enable the producer to operate with greater confidence and economy. At the same time it would effect a tremendous saving to the consumer himself by more early equalizing the markqt values of the various cuts and by enabling the retailor to operate with a smaller margin of profit, thereby helping to solve the high cost of living, in so far as meat is concerned. Loin steaks average 59 per cent lean, 32- per cent visible fat, and 9 per cent bone. Sirloin steaks in general contain a greater proportion of lean and smaller proportion of fat than porterhouse and club steaks. Rib roasts contain, on the average, 55 per cent lean, 30 per cent visible tat, and 15 per cent bone. The various cuts made from the

round average 65 per cent lean, 18 per cent fat. and 17 per cent bone. Round steak contains 74 to 84 per cent Wn, the rump roast 49 per cent, round pot roast 85 per cent, and soup bones 8 to 66 per cent. Chuck cuts contain an average of

FROM ALL PARTS

A fairly accurate sun dial has been Invented that can be held in the hand and adjusted to tell the time in any latitude. Rubbqi tubing can be kept from deterinratin hen not In use by storing ft in water to which a little salt has been added. Cannon Ic-ded with sand have oeen found effective in breaking up swarms of locusts that frequently appear in Cosu Bica-

69 per cent lean, 19 per cent fat, and 11 per cent bone. The shoulder clod contains 80 per cent lean and only 5 per cent bone. The various plate cuts —brisket, navel and rib ends average 51 per cent lean, 41 per cent fat, and 8 per cent bone. From the proportions of lean, fat and bone of different cuts, their relative economy at retail prices may be The net cost of lean meat Is an approximate index of the relative economy of steaks and roasts, since they are purchased and used for

the lean they contain; but in comparing boiling, stewing and similar meats the cost of gross meat, or fat and lean combined, should be more largely considered, because the fat is more completely utilized, as in the case of meat loaf, hash, hamburger, and corned beef. One of the most important points to learn is the way the meat is cut up and how the different cuts should be cooked. In a side of beef we have first the neck and shoulder clod, the latter a good, solid cut of meat particularly good for beef a la mode; then come the five chuck ribs and the meat from the under side of the animal, the flank, plate, navel and brisket, the latter used mainly for corning; next to the chuck come the

Retail Cuts of Mutton.

prime ribs for roasting; then the sirloin for steaks and roasts; the rump for steaks, roasts and stews; the round for stews and hatnburg steak; and the shin fqr soup. Under the ribs lies the filet, a tender strip of meat which has never been exercised

It used to be compulsory in England that the dead should be buried in woolen shrouds. This law was introduced in order to encourage the manufacture of woolen cloth witkin the kingdom. Princess Shakovskaya is the only woman aviator in the great war. She is said'to be in active service at the front in East Prussia. At first her application was rejected because of her sex. but she demonstrated that she could manage a flying machine as well as a man and was finally accepted.

Another Diagram Showing Cuts of Beef.

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

in the living animals co maka tt tough; but this is lacking in ths flavor to be found in the tougher cuts. Now, tn the matter of cutting beef, many butchers differ as to method, and it will repay one to make a survey of butcher shops in her own and neighboring localities. Having visited them all, noticed the degree of cleanliness with which the meat is handled and mad? a comparison of cuts and prices, as well as quality, the housekeeper can then make her choice of shops and patronize the one at which she gets the best value for her money. A butcher is ordinarily willing and glad to instruct his customers in the different cuts of meat, to suggest economies and methods of cooking best adapted to each cut. He usually possesses a good daal of knowledge concerning cooking and seasoning, and will be glad to impart this knowledge to any customer who seems to want it. For instance, one butcher will suggest what he calls a ‘‘blade roast" In place of a prime rib roast, a cut which has a blade of gristle between the meat and the outside fat. This he will trim out, bone and roll the meat, giving a solid roast, without waste, and the balance of the meat around the ends of the bones can be utilized for stewing or casserole cooking. He will recommend a fancy rolled brisket for corning instead of the more expensive cut from the rump, which, while certainly tender and well flavored, has a large amount of waste. He will tell you, when you order hamburg steak, to add a half cupful of breadcrumbs and two or three tablespoonfuls of water to your hamburg steak to make it lighter and improve the flavor. All these hints have been gleaned from women who were interested in the subject of marketing and were not afraid to let the butcher know it. Having decided upon the shop, make it a point to learn all the cuts of meat the butcher has, as butchers differ, as before suggested, in the way they cut the meat. There is a wide divergence in the way the rump of beef is cut, for Instance, and the way in which lamb and veal are cut up Is also a matter of the butcher’s opinion. To illustrate, one butcher In a small town cut lamb chops from the forequarter, the first being trenched, and those near the shoulder, which he called rack chops, being sold at a less price, for stewing or

braising. Not a block away was a butcher who sold the entire rack, from the first chop up to the shoulder, as French chops, at 35 cents per pound, and recognized no difference in the quality of the meat. There is also another point to consider, and that is the way the meat is trimmed, some butchers trimming closely before weighing, in which case the meat may be well worth a cent or two a pound more, and others weighing first and trimming afterward. Marketing should be done in person. To this rule there is no exception. It is for the purchaser herself to see whether thj chops be large of small, the slice of ham of the proper cut and thickness and what the proportion of waste in the piece of meat she is purchasing. It is too much to expect of a busy marketman, who has hundreds of customers, to put himself in the place of such a customer and give her Exactly what she would have selected herself. The only sure way of getting exactly what is best for each particular family is for the housekeeper herself to Inspect and select the meat and see it cut off. As to the purchasing of pieces of meat which will answer for more than one dinner, such as roasts, it should be found from experience just how many pounds are needed for the two or three meals to be supplied, and that much always purchased. It is sometimes economy to buy a large cut of meat. A small roast costing 60 or 75 cents might be enough for only one dinner, where a larger one, costing sl, tfould furnish meat for two dinners at an average cost of 50 cents, a saving worth while. It has been found better economy by experienced cooks and caterers to plan the left-overs in this way than to buy whatever the marketman offers, and then utilize any left-overs there may be. The same rule applies to chicken or any other sort of meat.

Idaho Has a Seaport.

The completion of the Celilo canal, on the Oregon side of the Columbia river adds Idaho to the list of states having a seaport. It is now possible for stern-wheel river steamers to pass from the Pacific ocean to Lewiston, at the head of navigation on the Snake river, a distance of 480 miles.

Inspiration.

Inspiration is the soul of achievement. the primal motive of creation, the beginning of masterpiece.—Be lected.

BUILDING STEEL CARS

WORK THAT REQUIRES FINE SKILL AND MACHINERY. immense Shears That Cut Through a Quarter-Inch Plate With Ease— Thousands of Rivets Used on Every Carriage. The building in which steel box cars are constructed for a leading eastern railroad —the Altoona Steel Car shop—covers the space of a large city square and looks as though it had been buitt to be the mammoth of all convention halls. The visitor’s first impression is that he has entered a boiler factory. This is because every car is put together with 5,100 rivets and every rivet is driven home with a rattle of blows from a pneumatic riveting tool —unquestionably one of the most successful noise-makiqg devices ever invented. Someone with a taste for figures has calculated that on a busy day the riveting tools In this building strike 1,000,000 impacts upon resounding steel, or 25 to 30 per second throughout the working hours. A steel box car from the trucks up —that is, the underframe, body and roof—is built practically altogether of riveted steel plates. These plates are first moved by overhead cranes to the shearing machines, of which there are several of different sizes. Suspended in chains, so that they may be swung and turned with the least possible expenditure of human effort, the plates are seized by gangs of men, who, combining skill with brawn, guide them between the blades of the shears, where they are cut into the proper shapes. The largest of the shears can make a 10-foot cut in a quarter-inch steel plate about as easily as a tailor snips three inches from a piece of cloth. Next the rivet holes are punched. On the longest pieces this is done on the “multiple punch,” a wonderful machine which handles four pieces of work at once and can make as many as 160 holes through a half-inch steel plate on every movement. After the punching, if the plates are not intended for parts of the car which are perfectly flat —this is, if the edges are to be turned for riveting, of if they are to be bent into the “U” forms used in giving rigidity to the underframe —they next go to the forming presses. These are the most powerful machines in the shops. The largest of them is capable of exerting nearly 4,000,000 pounds pressure. It folds steel so noiselessly and easily that it is difficult to realize the enormous power that is applied. Fitting the center sills is the first job in “erecting” a car, Then a gang of men, armed with pneumatic riveting tools, fasten the sills together as fast as red-hot rivets can be tossed to them from the forges. Next in order, after the joining of the center sills, is the fitting and riveting of the diaphragms and braces, the application of air-brake equipment and couplers, and riveting the sides and ends. The car is then lifted from the small erecting trucks and lowered on a set of regular trucks which are placed on a standard gauge track leading out into the yards. The roof is next added. The last operation inside the shop is riveting on the side ladders and hand-holds and applying the hand-brake equipment. The car is pushed out into the yard, where it is cleaned with benzine, to remove grease. It is then ready for painting.

DEVICE FOR STOPPING TRAIN

Works Automatically and Is Considered to Be Superior to Those Now in General Use. This invention relates to train stops —that is, to mechanism used for automatically stopping a train when the latter would otherwise be exeoseu to danger. ’ More particularly stated, it

Train Stop.

relates to train stops of the kind operated by electricity and controllable automatically by a predetermined condition of one or more electric currents. .—Scientific American. - ’

Begin an Alaska Railroad.

The steamer Wilmington from Panama began discharging fifteen hundred tons of equipment for the government railroad, says a recent dispatch from Seward, Alaska. Cominissioner Edes of the Alaska engineering commission is now at anchorage conferring with Commissioner Mears concerning details of winter railroad work. A force of men is rebuilding the first thirteen miles of the Alaska Northern track from Seward and another force is repairing the trestles further out The Alaska engineering commission and the Alaska railroad commission will co-operate in improvement of the winter trail between the end of the present road and anchorage, over which heavy travel is expected.

CHARACTER THE GREAT POINT

Matter Worth Consideration by Mon Who Occupy Positions That Entail Degree of Responsibility. One of the railroads had a bad collision recently. The conductor, engineer and fireman of an extra train all forgot about a regular passenger train, the schedule of which they knew perfectly well, and ran into it from behind. After getting all the facts the superintendent of the division reported that the accident was caused by the chance assignment of three moral weaklings to the same crew. The conductor had been fired once before for causing a collision and was not a man of strong character. The engineer’s record showed three previous suspensions, and he was known to indulge occasionally in gross Immoralities. The fireman had been in trouble over a scandalous domestic difficulty. The superintendent summed up: “Having in the service such men as these, the best way to frame up a collision is to get them together in the same crew.” The Railway Age Gazette comments on the gravity of this danger and the difficulty of forestalling it, and suggests that perhaps It would be a good riile “to make sure of at least one wholly trustworthy man on every train.” The point is that in this particular railroading does not differ from any other human pursuit having to do with the hard facts of this world. The basis of them all is character and lack of character means loss and peril and death. —Collier’s Weekly.

DANGER SIGNAL AT CROSSING

Warning and Precautionary Device at Intersection of Line and Automobile Road. The danger signal shown In the accompanying illustration was erected at the intersection of a railroad line

A New Type of Railroad Crossing Signal in Which the Arms Change Position to Warn Oncoming Pedestrians and Drivers.

and automobile road. As a train enters the danger zone the signal reads “Stop, Danger,” and at other times, "Slow, Cautlbn.” In the view the blades may be seen changing position as a car is approaching. As a further warning and protection, a bell rings during the day, while at night a system of lights is employed, a red light flashing out when the bell rings. —Popular Science Monthly and World’s Advance.

When the Deaf Hear.

It is often said that persons afflicted with certain forms of deafness nan hear perfectly in the midst of a tumult a locomotive engineer was found to be very deaf, and, although he protested that he could hear perfectly well while on his engine, he was suspended from duty. Some time afterwards he applied for reinstatement, again urging the fact of his perfect hearing while on duty. Finally, the physician rode with him upon a locomotive and put him to every possible test To the doctor’s surprise he found the man able not only to hear Ordinary sounds, but also to distinguish whispers and movements that were inaudible to his companion.

Guarding Their Eyes.

That some of the railroads are doing good wbrk in accident prevention, outside of transportation problems, is indicated in an illustration in Safety Engineering from a photograph taken in the shops of the Baltimore and Ohio. An emery wheel is guarded in an efficient manner. Goggles are furnished for operators. Conspicuous notices and warning signs are posted, also, instructing the employees not to use'the grinder without first protecting their eyes with goggles and cautioning them not to clean, oil, adjust or repair the machine while it is running.

Sixty Years With One Line.

A. W. Dewitt, who died a short time ago, worked 60 years for the Erie railroad, having begun in the day of the old diamond stack, wood-burning, fourwheeled locomotive. Dewitt invented a duplex train check, which is now in nation-wide use.

Owners of Railroad Stock.

Exactly 622,284 people in the United States own railroad stock. The aver age amount held figures out at 313,958.

Home Town Helps

VALUE OF TREES IN STREETS Matter Is Becoming Universally Recognized as Highly Important Part of City Planning. We occasionally find in the public print a news, item that gives especial gratification because it marks some progressive step in one or another direction. Such a note is that from Bridgewater, Mass., wherein the tree warden of that town, in support of claims for the loss of trees by escaping illuminating gas, makes the assertion that the destruction of good healthy shade trees on property decreases its valuation at least 20 per cent That is good doctrine and we hope it will be affirmed in the court should court action be found necessary to collect compensation in this instance. Gas and electric companies will not be so careless regarding injury to trees, public or private, when the public come to a full realization of their rights and a proper estimate of the intrinsic value of growing trees as property and as material assets in computing the worth of a town from a practical as well as an esthetic standpoint. Massachusetts has good tree warden laws and as a rule her towns have been blessed with good earnest officials who have performed the duties of their position in a most able, conscientious and public-spirited manner.

POINT ABOUT HOUSE NUMBER

Should Always Be So Arranged as Easily to Be Read From Street or Sidewalk. A small detail of the new home is the house number, yet It is not an Insignificant one. It Is an extremely useful detail and should occupy a position in keeping with its usefulness. Even the commonplace house number furnishes opportunities for novelty and originality In Its display. Conspicuousness is its prime requisite; therefore any unusual feature in the architecture of the entrance —pillars or porches—may make a very satisfactory background for these numbers,’ and afford due prominence to them. In case the house sets far back from the street, with an approach of cement steps, a good Idea is to place the number in dark colors upon the riser of one of the steps near the street. Should the approach be a brick or cement walk the numbers may be applied equally well to that. Sometimes a cement block at the curb may contain the number. Should one desire an Illuminated number —a great convenience for the stranger, the glass globe of the entrance porch lamp may be used as a medium.

Information for Farmers.

The cultivation of drug plants in the United States, concerning which there has been considerable agitation since the outbreak of the present war in Europe, is the subject of a farmers’ bulletin recently issued by the department of agriculture. This publication gives, in addition to general instructions regarding cultivation, harvesting and marketing, specific and detailed information concerning about sixty of the leading drug plants which have been grown in this country. The author, W. W. Stockberger, takes a conservative view of the possibilities offered by this branch of agriculture in this country, and especially deprecates the extravagant claims made in some quarters by persons interested in the sale of plants and seeds, who ask “the public to believe that extraordinary profits may be realized from growing medicinal plants, even in a situation no more promising than the average city back yards.”

Substitute for Cement.

Those wishing for an exterior effect of cement plaster in the new house may achieve this result by using an especially prepared felt siding, which gives the effect of plaster and at a much less cost. This siding comes in rolls and is composed of layers of felt, asphalted or tarred and given an outside coating of gravel or fifte crushed stone. It is claimed to be, when properly applied, both durable and dampproof. It is applied horizontally, with cleats nailed over each Joint. This produces the effect of a plaster-cov-ered house, marked off into squares by wooden casings. This siding may also be used with good effect on certain types of houses, -as a frieze under the eaves, with brick or other material below.

Public Selfishness.

Selfishness kills more towns than any other cause. When you find a town where its business men look only to their own aggrandizement look for the writing on the wall, fpr it is doomed. No place yet has ever prospered unless its citizens went to work upon a universal platform of the greatest good to the greatest number. One-eyed ideas won’t win; neither will a selfish desire to monopolize some line of business. Work together for the common good, for unless your town prospers you can’t prosper