Evening Republican, Volume 19, Number 139, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 12 June 1915 — Page 3

At the Head of the ADRIATIC

UP at the head of the Adriatic lie Austria-Hungary’s only seacoast possessions, Trieste, Istrla and Flume, and, not far inland, Trent, all of which Italy has long coveted. Of these provinces and cities writers for the National Geographic society have this to say: Across the Gulf of Venice from Italy lies the rich Austrian province of Istria, formerly Venetian, a thick, irregular triangle wedged into the North Adriatic, with Its mainland base deflnedly a line from Trieste in the north to Flume in the southland with Pola at its apex. Istrla, the ancient Histria, containing, with its neighboring Islands, 1,912 square miles, is an Austrian crownland, and forms part of the modern territorial division known as the coast districts. Its coastline is well indented, but the shores in much of their extent are steep and forbidding. Mountainous rock masses cross the land from north to south, culminating in Monte Maggiore, about 4,600 feet high. Olives and figs are cultivated in the region, and Istrla’s grapes and wine are famous. There is little garden, though considerable rich pasture land, and the forests of the peninsula supply the material for a large native ship-building Industry. Its fisheries are very valuable, and it has a small mineral yield, coal, alum and salt. There is little or no local manufacturing, except the building of ships.* It is as a shipping point, as a land of ports and strategic commercial and military naval bases, however, that Istrla is most desirable. The shipping of Its harbors amounts to more than 7,000,000 tons annually. The population of Istrla is about 350,000, 40 per cent of whom are Serbo-Croats, and 34 per cent Italians. In its early history Istrla was a famous pirate land. The Romans subjugated the freebooters here. From the late middle ages untill the extinction of the Venetian empire in 1797, Venice ruled the greater part of the peninsula, while only the northeastern portion belonged to Austria. Pola a Strong War Port. Pola, the formidable Austrian war port, Is but a few hours’ steaming across the Adriatic from the rich eastern coast cities of Italy. It is the chief naval station and arsenal of the dual monarchy and one of the bestprotected ports in the world. Pola lies at the southern apex of the Istrlan peninsula, about 53 miles south of Trieste. Its almost completely landlocked harbor is one of the finest of Europe, and upon Its roomy, wellguarded surface a great fleet could ride safely at anchor. The harbor has an area of three and one-third square miles, while beyond the channel entrance is a fore-water dominated by the guns of the Brlonian Islands. History begins for this little-known city with its first capture by the Romans In 178 B. C. Pola has been a war port since its appearance in the ancient chronicles. It was once the strongest and wildest of those Istrlan pirate retreats, where the rebellious spirits of the Roman world-empire gathered, and whence they made their raids upon the rich commerce that flowed from every eastern Mediterranean port to Rome. The Romans destroyed the place. Under the Emperor Septimus Severus, 193-211 A. D., it again became an important war harbor, and its city grew to 50,000 inhabitants. The trade rivals, Venice and Genoa, fought each other for its possession, as it was a key to the freedom of the Adriatic. Destroyed by the Genoese in 1379, it continued~Trader the sovereignty of Venice until 1797, when it fell to Austria upon the dismemberment of the Venetian state. At Pola are situated the principal dockyards, dry docks and repair shops of- the Austrian navy, together with technical and scientific \ institutions connected with the admiralty. Its arsenals contain vast naval stores equal to the outfitting of a large fleet. There are large naval and infantry barracks, and several well-equipped hospitals here. Trieste is the only great seaport of Austria, a powerful commercial rival of Venice and Genoa, the pride of Austria’s Adriatic possessions, and a city ,as important to Austrian development as is New York to the development of the United States. It has been an Austrian possession for more than 500 years, and during this long association It has earned the title from the central imperial government of “the most faithful city.” Situated at the northeast angle of the Adriatic sea,* on the eastern shore of the deeply indented Gulf of Trieste, the port has been growing steadily in importance as an outlet for the oversea trade of central and southeastern

Europe. As a trade center it has long eclipsed its ancient rival Venice, and it now practically" monopolizes the business of this Mediterranean coast. Despite its lack of a natural harbor, the geographical location of the city is so favorable and its enterprise has been so fruitful, that it has > developed into one of the first ports upon all the inland sea. Trieste is a tremendously successful business town, and, therefore, largely a modern one. Its harbor facilities are the best that modern technique can devise, and many millions of dollars have been expended in carrying their undertaking to conclusion. In 1910, nearly 12,000 vessels, representing a total tonnage of about 4,200,000 entered and cleared at the Trieste harbor. The value of the imports which these ships brought was about >117,000,000, while they carried exports amounting in value to about >102,000,000. The chief imports are coffee, rice, cotton, spices, ore, coal, olive oil and Levantine fruits. Chief among the exports are sugar, beer, wool, timber and many varieties of manufactured goods. Together with a surrounding area of about 36 square miles, the city of Trieste forms an Austrian crownland. The municipal council of the city constitutes at the spme tftne the diet of the crownland, which is little more than a mountainous shell around the immensely wealthy, life-crowded port. The population numbers 229,475, of whom about 170,000 are of Italian descent, 43,000 Slovenes and 11,000 Germans. The old town is a series of steps upon the hillsides, while the new town lies on a flat area that extends around the bay in crescent form. The new part of the city has been built largely upon land reclaimed from the sea; its streets are broad and straight and its buildings are substantial and modern in architecture. The old town, on the other hand, consists of narrow, irregular, hill-scaling streets, and its buildings preserve many quaint architectural conceptions. Hungary’s Outlet to the Sea. Flume is the only outlet of the Hungarian kingdom to free water, and the Hungarians have spent millions of dollars in their endeavor to make it a model port. There are several habors; one for coasting Vessels, one for timber, and a general harbor, begun in 1872, and capable of accommodating about 200 large vessels; It is protected 'by & breakwater more than half a mile in length, and is flanked by a great, modern quay more than two miles long. The wharves and elevators are equipped in the most up-to-date fashion for the handling of a huge Inflow and outflow of trade. The water front, as was the rest of the city, is lighted by electricity. Flume is picturesquely situated at the head of the Gulf of Quamero, at the southern base of the Istrlan triangle, 40 miles southeast of Trieste, or about 70 miles away by the rail-* road through the mountainous coastland. The city has more than 50;000 population. The Italians constitute the largest part of the populace, and, together with the Slavonians, comprise about 90 per cent. Geographically, Flume belongs to Croatia. In 1870, however, it finally became a part of the Hungarian kingdom. Flume occupies seven square miles of land carved out of Croatia. Around its water front there is a narrow, level plain upon which the new town is built, with its convenient, modern groundplan, fine business structures and generally substantial architecture. The old town climbs the hills back from the shore, straggling in a quaint disorder if irregular, narrow streets and haphazard houses. Views of the city and its surroundings from the deck of an approaching steamer are delightful, and there are a number of pleasant tours to be made in the neighborhood. The county of Trent is a fascinating bit of country nestling in the southern hills and mountains of Tyrol, linguistically, culturally and geographically at one with Italy over the border. The county embraces about 600 square miles, a region rare in its scenic beauties, and one, within whose smiling valleys—often nearly mountain-locked —more than 1000,000 people house. A large part of this population, about 25,000, is concentrated in the capital city, Trent, a place that supports itself more by its relics and the charm of its surroundings than by its commerce or industry. The city stands on the Adige river, on the Brenner railway, 57 miles north of Verona. I Trent is powerfully fortified. Some 308 feet, above its streets, the modern redoubt, Doss Trento, looks out over the city. The other defenses command the approaches to the town. There are a number of fine palaces iff Trent and many substantial houses, >

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

ALWAYS DUTY FIRST

By FRANK FILSON.

(Copyright. 1915. by W. Q. Chapman.) Lieutenant von Retzow had only glanced mechanically at the list of ships which his commanding officer had given him when he took his submarine out of Cuxhaven. Now, reading it, he felt his body grow rigid with horror. He took a letter from his pocket—one which had arrived from America via Italy only two weeks before. It was from Miss Lucy Bainbridge of Cincinnati,. O. Miss Bainbridge was just an ordinary American girl, but the only one in life for Von Retzow. He bad decided this when they met in New York, while he was attache to the flagship of the visiting German squadron; and Miss Lucy, after long deliberation, had written —well, that she wasn’t su?e, but she was coming to England, and possibly she would slip over to. Holland with her aunt, and, of course, if he had leave of absence during this dreadful war . . . Lieutenant von Butzow looked at the list of ships expected in British waters during the wenk that he was to be absent He was to torpedo as many of these as possible, lying on the bottom of the sea between exploits, to gain time and remain in safety. And at the head of the list was the Mariamne, on which Miss Bainbridge was to sail. His instructions were explicit ones. He was to torpedo every merchant ship within sight of his section of the British seacoast. He was to think nothing of the lives of those aboard. He was to dive as soon as he had launched his missile upon its deadly path, and to withdraw, leaving the luckless passengers and crew to perish. The Mariamne was due to arrive off the Scilly coast in a few hours. Lieutenant von Retzow, standing at

The Mariamne Was Now Clearly In View.

the wheel, felt'the sweat pour down his face. He stared out miserably across the waters. To send the woman he loved to death among those waves seemed the act of a devil. Yfet that was his duty, and he must carry it out or —return with his task unaccomplished, to face 'disgrace and ruin. He lay in wait Just out of view of the Scillles, dipping, rising again, or floating almost submerged, with periscope above the waters, searching for the doomed passenger vessel. She was due to sight the Scillles at about four In the afternoon, and precisely at four he saw the line of smoke upon the horizon, and, through his glasses, the two funnels of the Abercromby line. - ■— -- • He shouted down the engine tube and ran awash toward the ship. No other craft was upon the sea; every one had scurried lute security, in fear of the raids. The Mariamne was now clearly in view, listing a little as she rolled in the troughs. Evidently the presence of the submarine was entirely unsuspected by her as she made her way slowly toward the Cornish coast. It was the bitterness of death for Von Retzow. During the few minutes in which the periscope crept up toward the Mariamne he lived over again those days in America, when he had begun to realize his love for Lucy, her dawning love for him. Duty bad carried him away, but he had written to her at last, unable to postpone learning of his fate. He believed she cared for him; he had felt sure that she was coming to Europe in the expectation of meeting him. He had written to’ her once: “I would give my life for you. Your life is ever sacred to me —will ever be." And now, like a cowardly murderer, he was creeping up on the track of the vessel that carried her, resolved to sink her, murder his sweetheart coldly, deliberately. There could be no chance of rescue out of the trough of the Atlantic billows. “The torpedo is in the launching tube, sir!” called up his aide from below; Von Retzow trembled; he could not gather voice to answer. He was not more than half a mile from the Mariamne now; she was almost broadside on, and the submarine had maneuvered herself so that her nose pointed due along the course that the torpedo must take to strike.

Von Retzow hesitated. Then he heard his voice give the command to fire. Through the periscope Von Retzow saw the white track of the torpedo through the waves as the released airbubbles came to the surface. Then, almost immediately, there came the dull boom of the striking torpedo. Von Retzow shoute*’ the command to rise. The submarine came up, first at the bow, then at the stern. And, an instant later, the water was whipped white with plunging shell. The submarine, pierced through and through by some unseen assailant, sank like a stone. Von Retzow had been standing alone upon the bridge. The waves caused by the destruction of the little craft swept him into the sea. As he struck out he saw before him the broken timbers of the torpedoed craft and a new British torpedo-boat destroyer, with guns trained, making briskly toward him. He was seen; a boat was lowered, and, almost at the same time that the last of the wrecked ship sank beneath the waves, Von Retzow was hauled, struggling fitfully for breath, aboard the rescuing boat by the crew. A few minutes later he stood before the commander of the little torpedo boat. “I am sorry, sir. The fortune of war, you know,” said the young officer, rather sheepishly, stretching out his hand to Von Retzow. “Will you come into my cabin?" he added, leading the way. “You are, of course, paroled during the short voyage to England. I believe we can make you comfortable —dry, at any rate,” he s>ld. In the cabin Von Retzow still looked fixedly at the other. “Are you not going to hang me?" he asked. The British officer protested feebly. “Listen,” said Von Retzow. “I will tell you something, to show you what duty means to us German officers. The woman I love and expect to marry was aboard the Mariamne. I was ordered to sink her —and I sank her, according to my instructions. But I tell you that it will haunt me for the rest of my days.” To his amazement the young English officer, who had been regarding him with an expression decidedly quizzical, interposed laughingly: “I may as well relieve your mind, sir,” he said. “The Mariamne was aware of your amiable intentions and slipped in by another route yesterday. The old tramp that you torpedoed was a decoy Mariamne. She hadn’t a soul aboard, and —well, we were lying in wait for you upon her leeward side. , So, I’m glad to say that your fears were groundless, and if anything can be done to make you comfortable —” Von Retzow wrung his hands and danced like a crazy man, up and down in the cabin. “Yes,” he shouted. “Take me to England aa quick as you can. I —l’ve got to find out whether the Mariamne has let off her passengers yet.”

YEARNING FOR THE HILLS

Influence of Early Environment la for Each of Us the Iron Ring of Destiny. How much of the influence of early environment, of the habituated reactions which comprise for each of us the iron ring of his destiny, there is in even our deeper attitude toward the external world —toward what we call Nature! Not long ago I spent many weeks in the prairie country of the West, a sense of oppression constantly increasing in weight upon my spirit. Those endless, level plains! Those roads that stretched without a break to infinity! A house, a group of barns, a fruit orchard, and then a clump of hardwoods, alone broke the endless, flat monotony of snow-cov-ered fields —no, not fields, but infinitudes where a single furrow could put a girdle about an entire township in my home land! My soul hungered for a hill; my heart craved, with a dull longing, the sight of a naked birch tree flung aloft against the winter sky. Back through the endless plains of Illinois the train crawled, away from the setting sun. But the next daylight disclosed the gentle, rolling slopes of the Mohawk valley, and before many hours had passed the Berkshire hills were all about us, like familiar things recovered. The camel-hump of Greylock to the north was sapphire-blue and beckoning. The nearer mountains wore their reddish mantles, pricked with green, above the snowy intervals, and laid their up-reared outlines stark against the sky. Shadowy ravines let into their flanks, suggestive of roaring brooks and the mystery of the wilderness. The clouds trailed purple shadow-anchors; the sun flashed from the ice on their scarred ledges. And a weight seemed suddenly lifted from my spirit. The words of the ancient psalmist comes to my lips unconsciously: "I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills. From whence cometh my help? My help cometh from God.” —Walter Prichard Eaton in Harper’s Magazine.

Harking Back.

“You say you have been going with Miss Flibbs a long time?” "Ever since the year 5 B. T. C.” “What does that “B. T. C.' stand forr r “Before the Tango Craze”

Financial Stringency.

Dixmyth—l lost >50,000 in less than half a minute last night Hojax—What’s the explanation? Dixmyth—-I proposed to Miss Gotrox and she said “No."

PASTURES TO SUSTAIN EVEN MILK FLOW

Field of Red Top and Timothy at New Jersey Experiment Station.

(By W. M. KELLY.)

The time when dairy cattle can 4 be turned out in the summer to shift for themselves has passed. Under the best conditions, the abundance of pasture grass is certain to decrease after the middle of July, and its quality also deteriorates. To sustain an even flow of milk we must be prepared to supply additional food. A milk flow, allowed to decrease at this time, cannot be fully regained until the cow again freshens. The cow that is giving milk, and the growing heifer, suffer a severe shock, from which they are slow to recover if compelled to fight flies and exist on semistarvation rations, in a drought-stricken pasture. Many dairy farmers make the mistake of allowing the cows to shrink in their flow of milk, before beginning to feed the supplemental feeds. Supplying these as soon as the pasture begins to fail, makes the change more gradual and insures an even, steady thrift of the cows, which is so essential ( to sustaining a large flow of milk. Another very common mistake made by many dairy farmers is that of feeding a heavy grain ration to the cows when a bare pasture is their sole supply of rough food. Such roughage is neither palatable nor abundant enough to produce good results. On the modern dairy farm where corn, clover and alfalfa thrive, it is unnecessary to plan an extensive and complicated system of forage crops to supplement the pastures. The supply may be obtained by holding over ensilage or by cutting clover and alfalfa, and feeding them green in liberal quantities. Oats, peas, rye, barley and various ether crops, may be specially grown for summer feeds, but none of these crops will yield as much food as corn, clover, alfalfa and oats and peas that are raised in the regular crop rotation. The only real advantage of growing the former feeds lies in the fact that they may be sometimes raised on land not used for growing the crops in the regular rotation. I believe it is generally unwise to practice a complicated system of growing catch crops, when it is possible to obtain equally good results from the green feed supplied by the regular field crops. In actual practice I have depended chiefly upon corn, oats and clover and

TO OBTAIN A GOOD STAND OF CLOVER

Crop Will Not , Succeed on Poorly Drained Soil —Lack of Fertility Reduces Yield. Observations indicate that failure to obtain a successful stand of clover is due to a number of different causes, any one or any combination of which may react very unfavorably to its growth. The primary causes of clover failure appear to be due to depletion of the humus content of the soil and soil “acidity. Clover will not succeed on poorly drained soil. Lack of fertility reduces the yield in some sec. tions. .In the spring grain sections thet nurse crop should be seeded from one-half to two-thirds the usual rate. When a full seeding of the nurse crop is made, and this is especially true of oats, the greater portion of the soil moisture is used by the grain. The clover plants thus become weakened and when the grain is cut they are killed by the hot sun before they have time to recover. Alsike clover does well on soil which will no longer grow red clover, and where moisture is sufficient it is recommended that alsike be planted. Sweet clover or soy beans are very good soil renovators, and they may replace red clover in the rotations until the soil is in such condition that red clover will succeed.

Test Seed Grain.

The business farmer of today tests his seed grain. In farming, as in every other business, elements of chance are being removed as fully as possible.

Appetite for Mutton.

, One thing which opposes the development of an appetite for mutton is our ignorance of the best methods of cooking IL

peas for soiling purposes during toe summer, harvesting as much of each crop green as was necessary to balance up the deficiency of pasture grass.' ' / The corn ensilage has the advantage of being at hand in case the drought comes unusually early in the season, when it is difficult to get soiling crops to growing heavily enough. Corn is both the best grain and toiling crop. This fact has been a stumbling block to many farmers. In trying to save grain and ensilage for winter feeding they have allowed many dollars to slip through their hands by underfeeding in the summer. The same holds good when clover and alfalfa are saved for hay, when the cattle are suffering- for succulent food. In no way can we realize greater feeding value from these crops than by cutting and feeding them green. • It is the height of folly to save clover and alfalfa for hay and allow it to lose feeding value from rain and heat before feeding it to the cows, if they are suffering in a parched pasture for want of this kind of food. It is common to see a herd of dairy cattle in the late summer stamping dust from a dried-up pasture, fighting flies, and vainly endeavoring to break through a fence which holds them out of a luxuriant field of corn that flaunts its prodigious wealth of dark green foliage before them. It is a penny wise and pound foolish policy to allow cows to fall away in the milk yield and condition, when a few rows of rankly growing corn would keep them in good condition. It is true that when corn is cut green it has less feeding value than when it is mature, but the ripened stalk and leaves are largely wasted as, much of the crop is harvested. When cut and fed green there is scarcely any waste, for the whole stalk, leaves and grain are eaten. While corn in its roastlng-ear stage has less total nourishment than the whole plant when matured, yet when cut at this time it will actually give better results than when husked from the standing stalk and fed later after the cattle have fallen away in their milk yield and flesh condition. More than one-half of the run-down condition of dairy cattle during the winter can be traced -to a decline in condition before they go into winter quarters in the fall.

AUGUST SEEDING IS BEST FOR ALFALFA

Result of Experiments Made by Virginia Experiment Station—Seed It Alone. A report has been received by the department of agriculture of the results of experiments made by the Virginia station, in co-operation with the department, with alfalfa. The report shows that August seeding is preferable to spring seeding. Liming is usually necessary, even on limetone soils. Acid phosphate and basic slag have given the most marked results on alfalfa of any commercial fertiliser, especially when used in connection with a liberal application of stable manure. At Williamsburg, in tide water, a. plat seeded in September and fertilized with 10 tons of manure and 400 pounds acid phosphate per acre yielded at the rate of six tons per acre in the following year, as against two tons 356 pounds without fertilisers. At Staunton, In the Shenandoah valley, alfalfa fertilised with 15 tons of stable manure, alone yielded six tons per acre in 1913 and 2% tons the first cutting in 1914. The use of inoculat* Ing soil is strongly recommended over any other method. Pure cultures are a less desirable, but practicable substitute. The experiments on rates of seeding, using from 10 to 30 pounds per acre, gave very little difference between light and heavy seedings. On a good seedbed 15 pounds should be sufficient A comparison of alfalfa seeded alone with alfalfa seeded with other grasses or clovers indicates that it is the best to seed it alone.

Weaning Young Pigs.

Pl£s can be weaned without check in growth, but not on com and water. They must have good, rich protein slop and a moderate amount com.