Evening Republican, Volume 18, Number 106, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 5 May 1914 — Page 2

Mystery of Mountains of the Moon

SHE moon, our genial neighbor in space, which looks down upon the follies of the earth with an ironical smile, 7 is no close to us that we

have excellent opportunity to pry into its secrets. Since the telescope was Invented, in 1608, astronomers have busied themselves in endeavoring to find out what this other world looks like at close quarters, and, thanks ito many a fine photograph full of detail of landscape, we now* have maps of that satellite which are at least as accurate as those we have of certain countries and more ample than those of the heart of Africa and the Polar regions. The moon is nearer to us than is any other heavenly body; only 238,833 miles divide It from us —a distance a bullet could cover in some pight days and an express train in some six months —a distance which seems short, indeed, when we recall the fact that the sun is four hundred times further from us. Our huge modern telescope, instruments which, in size, suggest big guns, permit us to make most minute observations, and, as it were, bring the lunar landscapes as close to us as, say, London is to Edinburgh. So, by using our eyes, we can take very entertaining voyages to the moon. Thus we can see her extensive gray plains, which are nothing more than dry beds representing seas that no longer exist and appear to the unaided vision as dark patches; so we can note her mountain ranges, which may be compared with the Alps, the Cordilleras and other chains, not only in aspect, but also in height —from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. The biggest of the moon’s mountains, called Curtius by astronomers, has a summit which is 8,800 meters from the plain; that is to say, it equals Mount Everest, the highest mountain of the earth. And it must be remembered that for-ty-nine moons could be placed in our globe, so that, comparatively, the lunar mountains are much more imposing than ours.’ At present, with the best telescopes and at the most favorable times, we can observe on the moon’s surface tiny craters barely 200 meters in diameter. Were the moon inhabited, had* it cities and towns and things like our canals, harbors and so on, we could see these with ease, and a place like London, for instance, would appear as a very bright spot during night time on the moon. But there is nothing of the sort. The moon has neither air nor water, for it is a wandering corpse among the stars. Much that we know of the moon is puzzling. Notably so are the remarkable mountains, some of which are shown in the illustrations. The moon is one great Norway—mountain after mountain. But the mountains are not formed as are those of the earth. They are rings of stone, in which are conical mountains. Make a ring of salt on the table cloth, half an inch high; in this ring place a conical mountain of salt rather smaller than a thimble; and you have a model of a mountain of the moon. Place a candle so that its light causes the salt mountains to cast long shadows on the cloth, and you have more or less the aspect of a lunar landscape as revealed by a telescope when the sun’s rays are striking it cross ways. Such a landscape as it would appear to a visitor to the moon is seen in one of the illustrations. The moon has probably 100,000 of these extraordinary stone rings—some but a few meters wide; others from 80 to 120 kilometers! The earth has no mountains resembling these, and many have wondered why nature should have built so differently on the moon, have speculated as to how the particular form of mountain came into being. We can only show artificial “mountains” having any resemblance to those of our satellite. A cinematograph film of a shot falling into a mass of pulp would make a very good illustration; a ring forms, suggesting the ring mountain of the moon. If a stone be dropped from a certain height on to thick plaster, a similar ring will be formed. Noting this, one feels convinced that the ring mountains of the moon were created in like fashion by the falling of gigantic meteors on to the moon while its surface was still in a viscous state. How is it possible, though, that ring mountains 120 kilometers wide should be so formed on the moon, when <we, who are so near to It, have never observed meteors of anything approaching the necessary size, have only seen specimens weighing a few Hlograms? We must find another solution. If a thick pulp is being cooked, bubbles form on its surface and, Jn bunrt-

GEN. JACKSON’S GREAT VICTORY

Otoe hundred years ago occurred , ' the battle of Great Horseshoe Bend, in which General Jackson defeated the Creeks and forever broke the powZ_„er of the Indians in the South. The Indians had assembled on the Tallapoosa river, in Alabama, 1,000 warriors strong, with their women and children, determined to make a desperate defense. They fought bravely, and almost six hundred of the warES&fo.- *’•

ing, frequently create rings with cones in the center. The German geologist Dahmer heated a chalky pulp from below. Th? hot vapor broke through the crust of the pulp, small pieces of which flew upwards, and at the spot of each burst was formed a ring akin to those which follow the fall of a stone on to water. If the pulp could be cooled suddenly at this moment models of lunar ring mountains would be seen. This means the argument that the ring mountains of the moon occur only on heavenly bodies which are dead and will be a feature of our earth in the remote future. The earth’s crust is ever thickening as our world grows cooler and becoming less and less elastic, which suggests that cne day, when the crust can no longer “give” to the pressure of gases within it, it Will split in many places, and through these fissures will pour the fiery contents of the depths, to overwhelm bur globe. This fiery, all-enveloping “pulp” will be acted upon by the gases coming from below it and creating bubbles, just as the geologist’s chalky pulp was acted upon by the vapors caused by the heat below it. The moon, which cooled down much quicker than the larger earth is. cooling, has that dread period behind it; the earth, according' to Dahmer, has it to come. Not every geologist and astronomer will agree with this. The German man of science, Ebert, comes nearer to solving the problem. Ebert let some fluid Wood’s metal well up at short intervals through a small hole in a horizontal plate. Part of the metal flowed back;* but the other parts 'spread out and formed circles around the the hole, making an evergrowing ring-shaped rampart, Later,

Typical Plantation House in the Swamp Region of Mississippi.

Wants Grizzly Bear Data.

All who have skulls of grizzly bears in their possession are appealed to by Dr. C. Hart Merriam of the National museum at Washington for light on the considerable number of distinct epecies that have inhabited the western part of North America from the eastern edge of the Great Plains in Manitoba and the Dakotas westerly to the Pacific coast in British Columbia and California, and from the shores of the Arctic ocean south into Mexico. With few exceptions, those of the western United States are extinct, and

riors were killed, as they refused to surrender. One of the few who bowed in submission was Chief Weathersford, their greatest leader. He appeared suddenly before General Jackson, in his tent, and standing erect said: *T am in your power; do with me what you please. I have done the white people all the harm I could. My warriors are all gone now, and I can do no more. When there was a

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

as its impetus grew weaker, the flowing metal, instead of flowing away, formed into a little “mountain” in the center of the ring rampart. What has this to do with the moon? We know tlmfr the attraction of the moon conthe tides of the waters- of the earth; when the moon had but a thin crust, through the numerous fissures in which the fiery lava could force its way, the lunar control of ebb and flow was demonstrated. The laya broke through the fissures, rose up and then flowed back again; and so on for long periods until there were formed the ring mountains. Such is the theory~of Ebert, and very plaiisible it is.

The well-known English astronomers, Nasmyth and Carpenter, tried to prove years ago that the lunar mountains were formed as were the earth’s volcanoes, arguing that the ramparts grew out of the fiery mass thrown out of. the moon’s center, which fell in with circles round each crater from which they were projected. In the case of the volcanoes of the earth, say these English scientists, the matter thrown out was not cast in such wide circles, because ou the earth bodies are six times as heavy as they are on the moon with its much smaller power of attraction. This theory, too, has its numerous faults. Thus it must be admitted that we are still far from solving the mystery of the ring mountains of~the moon.

in most cases only a few skulls remain to illustrate the species. Dr. Merriam says in the current number of Science that he is anxious to see as many skulls as possible of both sexes, and lie would like to buy or borrow all that he has not already seen.

“Reasonable” Defined.

“What do you understand by th< word ‘reasonable* ?” “Reasonable,” replied Mr. -Dustin Stax, “is an adjective that may be applied to any theory or request that I may have to present.”

chance for success I never asked for peace. There is none now, and I ask for it for the remnant of my nation."

A Chemical Blotting Pad.

A cheap and excellent substitute for blotting paper may be made as follows: Mix 14 parts, by weight, of gypsum and two parts of potato flour, with sufficient water to form a plastic paste. Pour or press into a suitable mold. As soon as the mass has become hard and dry it affords an mirable blotter.

TAKES POWER FROM TROLLEY

New Type of Electric Locomotive That Has Justified Confidence of Its Builders. Among recent European electric locomotives we may mention the one built for the Rhatlsche railroad system. It is being used on the St. Mo-ritz-Schuls line which has a branch from Samaden.to Ppntresina. The line is narrow gauge and is supplied by single-phase current at 10,000 volts and 16 2-3 frequency, the locomotive being required to draw a train of 20 tons maximum. The locomotive carries two electric motors of 350 horse power each. A single countershaft takes the power from both the motors by gearing, and this shaft serves to run all four driving wheels on a aide. Between the third and fourth locomotive axle is mounted a false axle which receives power from the countershaft by means of a crank, and this axle serves to operate the four locomotive axles. The present locomotive runs very well in actual service, and during the first three months it is stated to have covered 8,500 miles. Current' comes from an overhead trolley wire by two pantagraph trolleys, the locomotive being of the square or boxbuilt type.—Scientific American.

SHORTENS TRAVEL BY WEEKS

Railroad Through German East Africa of Immense Importance to the Territory Traversed. The completion of the Tanganyika-Dar-es-Salaam railroad in German East Africa is an event of considerable importance. The line has been under construction for some years. It has now been completed to Tanganyika and it is expected Will be open for traffic in a very short’ time. The railroad is about eight hundred miles long, and the journey from end to end, which formerly took several weeks, can be made in 36 hours. The railroad is an important connection through the mountains of German East Africa and opens up traffic from Lake Tanganyika to the Indian ocean. The route lies through Mrogoro at a distance of 130 miles .from the coast to Killmatindi,

240 miles from the coast The line then passes on to Tabora, which has a population of 500,000 against the 195,500 of Dar-es-Salaam. The illustration shows an inspection, car on the line.

Loss of Life Decreases.

A material decrease in the number of train accidents and in the number of persons killed and injured in such accidents is shown by an interstate commerce commission bulletin for the quarter ended September 30, 1913. During the quarter 211 were killed and 4,011 injured in train accidents —a decrease of 77 killed and 587 injured, compared with the corresponding quarter of 1912. An increase of 123 killed and of 1,904 Injured was shown In “other than train accidents,” including accidents to employes at work, to passengers getting bn or off cars, to trespassers and others, the total being 2,830 killed and 19,753 Injured.

Chilean State Railroads.

- A plan for the reorganization of the Chilean railroads has been drawn up by the committee of the chamber of deputies appointed for that purpose and will shortly be brought before the chamber for consideration. It involves the expenditure of >22,385,900 within four years. The minister of finance announced that according to late advices received from Chilean representatives in Europe there would be practically no difficulty in raising the amount required.

China Needs Railroads.

China proper has less than 0.4 miles of open railroad to every 100 square miles of territory and, estimating the population at 327,000,000, there is 0.18 mile of line to every 10,000 inhabitants.

Russia Providing Railroad Stock.

For the Russian government railroads some huge purchases are to be made—l7,ooo freight cars, 1,400 passenger cprs and 700 refrigerator can.

MUCH WATER WASTED

CARELESSNESS OF RAILROADS INVOLVES LARGE SUMS. Not an Inconsiderable Part of the Amount Involved Is Made Necessary by Damage Pone to the Track. In their efforts to promote economy of operation, the railroads are turning attention to water —not in stocks but in their locomotive boilers. The general impression that water is of little value has resulted in a degree of carelessness in its use which has, through waste, built up an item of expense worthy of serious attention. “The causes of water waste on a railroad are many,” says C. R. Knowles in the Railway Age Gazette, “and it is within the power of almost every employe to effect a saving for the company in this respect. The waste in taking water at tanks and penstocks causes a heavy loss, as large quantities may be lost in this manner each time water is taken, especially in tenders with circular manholes, unless care is exercised to properly- spot the engine and prevent overflowing the tender. “The average amount of water taken'by the larger engines is about five thousand gallons. To show the large expense that might be incurred on account of such waste I have assumed that if but one-fourth of this amount be wasted, each day at each of the 460 principal tanks and penstocks on the system, the annual loss on this account would amount to about two hundred and ten million gallons, which at five'' cents per thousand gallons means a loss of $10,500 per annum for the value of water alone. In addition to this there is the cost of removing ice from tracks in the winter months, and the cost of track work due to soft track caused by the water waste. The cost of removing ice from tracks at 250 tanks and penstocks on northern and western lines is approximately six thousand dollars per annum, these figures being based upon two and a half hours of one man’s time clearing the track of ice at each tank or penstock for 60 days of each year. A conservative estimate of the work necessary to repair soft track caused by water waste from tanks would be one-half hour per working day, or 156 hours per annum at each tank or penstock, making a cost per annum on the system of nearly eleven thousand five hundred dollars. This means a total annual expense of $28,000, or an average annual cost of S6O for each point where water is taken by locomotives. The total amount wasted annually in this manner is equivalent to five per cent on $560,000, and would buy 22 locomotives or 230 standard water tanks of 100,000 gallons’ capacity.

"Another loss in connection with water tanks is due to overflowing the roadside tank and to leaking tank valves. Fortunately a leak of this kind is generally very conspicuous and should be remedied before any amount of water is wasted, but even here there is room for improvement. With tanks in southern latitudes it is necessary to occasionally overflow the tank in order to tighten the joints between the upper portion of the staves of the tub, and the pumper should not be charged with waste in such cases.”

Mr. Knowles says that great waste occurs at terminals through the use of the boiler washout hose and valve. The water has to be handled twice and a high pressure has to be exerted to obtain the desired results. Unless care is taken a one-inch hose with a pressure of 100 pounds to the square inch will easily waste 12,000 gallons of water an hour, costing $1.20.

TELLS POSITION OF SWITCH

Invention That Indicates to Train Engineer Just What Track Is Open for His Use. More particularly this invention relates to a means for indicating to the train engineer the position of the several switches to which he is approaching, says the Scientific American. It is of advantage, in approaching a terminal, to know just what track of the terminal the engineer is coming

Switch Indicator.

into and be able-to tell ahead of time just what curves and switches he Is supposed to take. This invention indicates to the operator, in entering the yard or the limits of the terminal, just what track is open to him.

New Use for Old Locomotives.

A machinery firm In Philadelphia had to replace its boilers with new ' ones of greater capacity, and the problem arose of how to make the change without interrupting operation, says Power. They rented two superannuated locomotives, connected them to the main steam lines of the plant and got up steam. They did service until the new boilers were in place.

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COULDN’T STAND FOR DEFEAT

According to London Newspaper, Colored Opponent of Irishman Had Little Chance. f • A brawny son of Erin was acting as time keeper in a rough-and-ready fight between his mate and a negro in South America. In the course of the fight a well-planted blow sent the Irishman earthwards. “One!” crier the time keeper, in a tense voice, watch in hand. “Two!” he murmured hoarsely. “Pat, ye fool, git up! There’s only eight seconds left!” The inert mass never moved. “Three!” shouted the time keeper desperately. “Think of yer old mother, Pat! What’s it she’d be saying to ye, ‘Bate the nigger!”’ Slowly he called up to eight, bucking up his mate with patriotic ejaculations between each long second. WHen eight had been called Pat slowly staggered to his feet, and by a mighty lunge succeeded in knocking down his black opponent. Desperately fearing lest he should revive in time, the time keeper set off at top speed: “One, two, three, four, five, and five’s ten! Ye’re out, ye black villain!” —London Tid-Bits.

The Same Thing.

Secretary Garrison, apropos of his bill for creating six vice-admirals, said at a luncheon in Washington: “This bill will make things better from a diplomatic standpoint, though the actual working of the navy will remain the same. Yes, the navy itself will be like Brown. "Brown, idle through slack times, started to tramp to Buffalo by way of the Erie canal to.look for a job. “He met on his way a good many canal boats coming up and down, and finally stopping a canal boat captain, he offered to work his passage. “The captain took him on and set him to leading the horses along the - towpath. “He led the horses for two days, thinking hard. On the third day he had thought it all out, and he resigned. “ ‘By the powers,’ he said, ‘I might as well walk as work my passage.* ”

Striking school teachers in London have won their strike for a minimum salary of SSOO a year.

Smiles Usually show up with Post Toasties. And why not, when the famous “toastie” flavor begins operations! There’s a deal of skill required in cooking and toasting these thin bits of com so that every one of the millions of crinkly flakes has the delicious Toasties taste that invites one to call for more. Post Toasties come in sealed packages—fresh, crisp and appetizing—• Ready to eat with cream or ffood milk, and a sprinkling of sugar if you Post Toasties sold by Grocers. ... ' .'J*