Evening Republican, Volume 18, Number 27, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 31 January 1914 — Page 3

LATEST ADDITION TO ARCTIC MAP

T BAS often recurred la polar exploration, as in many other phases df human activity, that the socalled last word 4s not the final one. When the remarkable Beries of arctic expeditions came to

, end, after years of fruitless search for the long-lost Sir John Franklin, - the fleet commander, Sir Edward Belcher, write “The Last of the Arctic Voyages.” No one was more surprised than Belcher when McClintock’s search in the Fox w* s initiated, and the final record was made of Franklin’s death and of the discoveries of his shipmates. An I then followed that line of heroic American explorations which opened up the wondrous waterways of the West Greenland coast and thus unbarred the hitherto closed gates to the very pole. In years Just ptssed, when the stirring dispatch caiue announcing that . Perry bad reached the north geographic pole, the acme of his ambitious struggles of a quarter of a century, the word went round that arctic exploration was at an end. Even that virile and indomitable descendant of the Norse Vikings, Roald Amundsen, was deterred from that arctic voyage on which he had already started. Turning the prow of the Fram from Bering strait he sailed southward, and, scaling high antarctic peaks with Norwegian ski and dogdrawn sledges, attempted the south geographic pole. When the yeajr 1912 opened there was noted a widespread recurrence of popular interest in arctic fields of research, so that there were no Isbb than six expeditions initiated, excluding those of Russia , The Dane, Koch, and the Swiss, de Quarvain, crossed the Greenland icecap at different points. The German SchroderStrauz, found disaster and death in North Spitsbergen. Meanwhile the Canadian, Stefansson, planned to reach the hypothetical continent long forecast by Americans. The American, McMillan, sought definitely to outline Crocker Land. The Frenchman, Prayer, re-explored that Franz Joqef Land which his father was first to traverse. Amundsen now starts via Bering strait to drift northwestward with the ice floes of the Siberian ocean. These .all represent what may be called foreign and idealistic exploration, as compared with the Russian expeditions, which are domestic and economic. Before describing the discoveries of Lieutenant Wilkitzky, the Russian, it will be well to sot forth foreign invasions into the Siberian ocean near- 1 est to Nicholas Second Land. First in order is the expedition of 1880, commanded by De Long, which drifted northwesterly from Bering strait until the Jeanette was crushed by the ice. Nansen followed in the Fram, adopting De Long's plan. The drift of the Fram was a practical continuation of that of the Jeanette, though no land was seen, and the ship passed into deep water about 250 miles to the north of the new Siberian islands. The most important addition to the hydrography of the Siberian ocean, time and means considered, was made by Capt. Edward H. Johanesen, in the sailing schooner Nordland. Leaving Cape. Mouritius, Nova Zembia, he found the ocean ice-free, so that he crossed to Cape Talihur, near Cape Chelyurskln. On August 16, 1878, he . discovered in 77 degrees 42 minutes north latitude, 86 degrees east longitude, an island named Eisamkelt (Lonely island), scarcely more than 100 miles to the west of Nicholas Second Land. Most interesting were the experiences of Byron A. E. von Nordenskjold, the greatest, all phases of action and of knowledge considered, of arctic explorers. In his unique voyage, the circumnavigating or Asia, he reached on August 19, iB7B, the north point of Asia. Captain Chelyuskin, which he determined to be in 77 degrees 36 minutes north latitude 103 degrees 17 minutes east longitude. As he wa* the first known visitor to the cape since its discovery by Chelyuskin by sledge journey in 1742, its surroundings were carefully noted. Nordensjold sent his supporting steamer, the Lena, seaward to dredge. ®he was stopped by heavy and very close ice in about 77 degrees 46 minutes north, some 7 S miles south of Nicholas Second Land, to which she made the nearest approach hitherto on record. The discovery of Nicholas Second Land is simply an incident in the economic development of the Russian empire. The general public is unaware of the astounding potential resources of arctic Russia. Its areas extends half way around the world—through

Kerosene Cans In Demand.

___ American empty kerosene tins are largely used In India as receptacles and for ralfllllng many of the purposes for which iron buckets and pails might be used,” writes Consul Henry D. Baker, on special service In the east. “Handles are attached to empty tins, Which are thus utilised for carrying water about in a household, and In many cases they are filled with sand and deposited in large government and private offices for emergency in ease of firoa, when the land may be

Nicholas Sacond Land and its relation to the North Pole

168 degrees of longitude—while the distance across it exceeds by many hundred miles' that from the northernmost point of. North America to the Isthmus of Panama. The survey of these remote regions was but one of the many progressive improvements for Russia initiated by that luminous character, Peter the Great. Planned in his last years, this most extended of geographic surveys ever attempted was known as the Great Northern expedition; it lasted 17 years, from 1725 to 1742. Its results gave fame to Bering, Muravief, to the Laptiefß, to Prontschischef and others. In later days they were followed by Kotzebue, Wrangel, Anjou and Sannikof. How Russia hah persistently pursued a maritime policy for the develop- ; ment of Siberian trade has been I fully set forth by Gen. J. de Schokalsky, Russian imperial navy, in various publications. Safe routes of navigation to and from the valleys of th,e Yenesei, of the Lena and of other lesser rivers are absolutely essential for the prosperity and development of this habitable empire, which is half as large again as is the United States. Siberia is no longerr a country of convicts, but a land swarming with pioneers, a wondrous leaven among its 10,000,000 of inhabitants. Routes via the Kara sea and around the north end of Nova Zembia have been tested, but neither has been found Bame for commercial ships year after year. It was then suggested that a satisfactory route could be found iby entering Bering strait. This would enable Russia to obtain a Siberian outlet, with Vladivostok as the main port, to which would be shipped the products of the vast region to the east of Cape Chelyuskin. In the summer of 1912 two powerful ice-breakers, the Taimyr and the Vaigatz, made safely a voyage via Bering strait to and from the Lena. Soundings and surveys were made en route, but ice conditions around Cape Chelyuskin prevented the ships from returning to Russia through the Kara sqa. Early in July, 1913, the ice breakers Vaigatz and Taimyr left Vladivostok to prosecute their surveys and to renew their efforts to round Cape Chelyuskin and return to St. Petersburg through the Kara sea. The expedition was under command of General Sergelef, imperial Russian navy, who s was incapacitated by a Stroke of apoplexy. Lieutenant Wilkitzky, imperial navy, succeeding to the command, made a running survey of the Asiatic coast from the Kolyma river, latitude 70 degrees -north, longitude 160 degrees east, to Cape Chelyuskin. It is the first time that this cape has been visited by a ship coming from the eastward. Wilkitzky’s hopes of completing the circumnavigation of Asia were destroyed in longitude 96 degrees east, where he found an impenetrable barrier of solid ice. As the sea was open to the north, he decided to explore this unknown area of the Siberian ocean. To his astonishment, he soon sighted high peaks, the summits of a new land. In latitude 81 degrees north, longitude 100 degrees east he landed, hoisted the Russian imperial colors, took possession of the land in the name of the czar and named it Nicholas Second Land. " Wilkitzky followed the land northward/ finding it with a continuing northwesterly trend. In latitude 81 degrees north, longitude 96 degrees east, he found a pack of Bolid ice, which forbade further progress, though the land reached as far as the eye could see. Retracing his course, the southern extremity of the new land was found fn latitude 79 degrees north, longitude’ 104 degrees east, whence the coast took a trend to the northeast. The land is thus

easily flung on the blazing fire an thus extinguish it. “Empty gerosene tins have also a wide use aa containers pf whee (clarified butter used by the natives), and they are also put to use as flower pots; often they are flattened out and small holes pierced in them to serve as wlndowß or peepholes, through which the ladies of zenanas or harems may look opt of their houses without Jmlng seen ■ themselves, r - f - “These flattened out tins also are much used as roofing for many of tha

THE EVENING RENSSELAER, IND.

by MAJ. GEN. A.W. GREELY, U.S.A.

known to extend through more than two degrees of latitude, with a coast line of nearly 200 miles. While data to that/ effect are lacking, it is probable that Nicholas Second Land consists of a number of close lying islands, similar to Frank Josef Land'. Its high, abrupt, cliffs, and many isolated peaks seem to sustain Wilkitzky’s opinion that it may be of volcanic formation. Despite the fact that vegetation was scant at the landing place, the land evidently abounds in arctic game. Traces of reindeer were visible, polar bears were seen, and bird life was abundant. Off shore many walrus were seen. The large collection made by the Russian offlceru of specimens relating to the geology, the fauna and the flora will throw much light on its physical conditions. In the way of general knowledge it is evident that the continental shelf of Asians broader than has been generally supposed, being from 300 to 350 miles or more in width. When forced from the southern shores of Nicholas Second Land by the ice pack, Wilkitzky found the ocean to the east quite ice free. He steamed easily along the seventyninth parallel, through the sea where De Long and his gallant companions drifted for months, ice-beset until the Jeanette sank. Some additions and corrections were made in the number and position of thß De Long islander Most important was the discovery by Wil- . kitzky on Bennett island of the diaries and records of Baron Toll. This Russian explorer visited this island by sledge in 1902 and doubtless perished on his attempted return journey to Kotelnol island. The scientific world will await with interest the last message of this intrepid Russian scientist, who gave his life to advance geographic knowledge to Russian dominions. It is a happy coincidence that this very year a memorial tablet to Baron Toll iB in process of installment on Kotelnol island.

Coal Now From Spitsbergen.

The vast coal fields of Spitsbergen are at last being opened up, and by an American. John M. Longyear of Marquette, Mich., Who has a title to 170 square mileslronTaNorwegian company, reports that his company has shipped 35,000 tonß this year. The Engineering and Mining Journal says that a deposit of about 60,000,000 tons exists in Spitsbergen. The mines are worked by from 280 tp 300 men and although the shipping season lasts but three monthß, mining is carried on throughout the year \ But Spitsbergen is still a No Man’s Land and the northern nations of Europe look upon Mr. Longyear and his American company as interlopers. Ip fact, Russians have already Invaded the company's territory and taken away a cargo of coal. Consequently the Americans are in a quandary as to what to do.

Old Mother Hubbard.

A rare discovery has been made in the realm of literature—nothing ten than the author of “Old Mother Hubbard,” whose lines, unprotected by copyright, were appropriated by successive editors of Mother Goose without the least bit of a “thank you.” The discovery of the name of the author was made by a clergyman of the church of England, the present vicar of Yealmpton, in County Devon, who has given the news of his happy finding to the presß. He says that the author was Sarah Catherine Martin, who wrote the imperishable rhyme more than a hundred years ago, and that Mother Hubbard herself was housekeeper to the squire of Yealmp ton. The pronunciation of this name is not given, but taking the hungry dog of the poem- into account, one, may guess It off as yelp-ton.

poorer houses of natives. Empty kerosene oil tins sell for about four cents eaoh,” '

Beer Drinking Discouraged.

There Is a general tendency through—it Germany to discourage the use of beer by the factory employes daring working hours, a custom which has been quite general for many years. Many of the factories now absolutely prohibit the drinking of beer In Um factory and provide their employ*! with tea at a very , nominal sum

THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND

Little Hints That the Busy Housewife Will Find It Worth While to Remember. ~ To pack books for a long journey line the packing box with oilcloth—this will preserve the volumes from damage during long journeys or from mold or mildew if left in a damp storage house. To restore crocheted "buttons that have lost their shape through much laundering dip them in cold starch, Bhape them with the fingers and let them dry. This makes them look like new. To keep rose bushes pice through the winter, use raffia for tying them before placing the straw around them. Raffia will not cut the canes as cord does. To add to the enjoyment of the children who are blowing bubbles put a little vegetable coloring to the glycerin to a quart of water gives greater strength or durability to jhe bubbles. To remove tight rings from fingers that have become swollen from sweeping or other labor, take a piece of wrapping cord and wrap it closely around the cord from tip to ring. Do this twice, slipping the end under the ring with the help of a toothpick. Then as you remove the string the ring comes off easily. .

SALT PORK WITH MILK GRAVY

Nothing Better in Line ot Dinner Dlehee During the Cold Days of the Winter. This Is the best time of the year to eat pork. Warm weather is the worst time. Then, in fact, pork ought to have no place on the menu. But the colder the weather the better ie pork. It is too heavy, too fat and takes too long for digestion to be a, good hotweather dish. Here is an old-fashioned recipe for salt pork with milk gravy—a dish that our ancestors liked and a dish that will be found ( delicious: Cut salt pork into thin‘slices, and, if it is too salty, soak it in cold water for ten minutes. Then drain it and gash the rind in three or four places in each slice. Fry the slices brown. In the meantime heat two tablespoonfuls of fat with two of flour and stir In a cupful of milk to make a smooth, creamy sauce. Serve the pork with the milk gravy.

Scotch Beef Ham.

Take the hind quarter of a fat beef, with a sharp knife remove all bone, leaving the leg in good shape. Make a brine like the following for eaclt 100 pounds of meat: Four pounds of good salt, one pound of New Orleans sugar, six ounces of saltpeter, boil. When thoroughly cold put the beef in and let remain for ten days. Take from the brine and rub thoroughly with the following mixture of pepper and spices: One and one-half pounds of black pepper, one pound of ground sage. Roll the meat into original shape and wrap closely with coarse twine. Hang up In a cool, dry place for one month or until cured. Beef prepared after thin recipe (which is an old family recipe brought from Scotland) has a most delicious flavor and may be kept as long as it will last.

Pretty Shelves.

If you like dainty pantry shelves instead of using the scalloped paper edging Bold for that purpose which Is so easily torn and needs replacing every three or four weeks, buy India linen (ten cents a yard), cut it In bias strips and make long scant ruffles. The hems can be edged with cheap lace at one or two cents a yard and each ruffle sewed to a white tape as long as the shelves. A few goldheaded tacks fasten the ruffles to the edge of the shelf. This is easily removed for laundering and lasts two years.

Cleaning Formula.

• Grate raw potatoes to a fine pulp, add one pint of water to one pound of potato. Pass this liquor through a fine sieve and cloth. Let It remain In a vessel antil the fine white starch settles to the bottom, then pour off the clear liquor, which Is to be used for cleansing. For white silks add a little borax; for dresses and waists, dip a sponge In the liquor and apply It until the dirt is removed. Rinse in tepid water and iron on the wrong side. Light dresses and white cashmeres can be cleaned beautifully by this process.

Leg of Lamb.

Get a leg of lamb, put plate In bottom of kettle, place leg of lamb on top, then dressing pinned tip In cloth. Dip cloth in hot water, flour and place the dressing In the middle of: cloth, tie or pin up tight. Place on top of lamb, boll until done, then press lamb and dressing together and slice when cold. Take water lamb was boiled in, add one carrot, two onions and potatoes. Place one-quarter cup rice on* stove to cook, add to stew Just before serving.

Mexican Kisses.

801 l three cupfuls of light brown Sugar and a capful a£ milk together until it threads, then add a teaspoonof butter. Take from the fire, flavor with vanilla and add a cupful of broken nut meats. Pour into a greased pan and cut out in squares when it hardens.

Useful Hint.

, It the white of, an egg 1* used in making a mustard plaster there will be little danger of the plaster’s blistering the meet sensitive skin.

RITES IN MAKING KINCS

PREPARATION FOR MODERN CORONATION

IN THE long roll of England’s kings, running back Into the remote mists of legendary lore which enshroud the early rulers, the record of the coronations stands out with peculiar distinctness. A coronation, it would seem, is a function that impresses itself upon a man’s mind. It is something that is not forgotten. Even the ancient chroniclers, who romaneed upon so many subjects, were inclined to Btick to the sober truth when it came to describing the events that attended the coronation of kings. For that is what the coronation has always meant In Christian lands. A temporal ceremony it undoubtedly is. Some of the elements in it are essentially earitiily, involving the pledging of homag*the granting of fealty. But overshadowing all these is the vast, subtle Influence of the spiritual significance which attends tbeh king’s assumption of a bauble crown, a bauble only in outward shape, because it is symbolical of sq many other things that are not to be understood in so many words. '' . : ' ITI Perhaps it will not be amiss to cast an eye backward over England’s history, and review some of the coronalions of the past. It seems strange to find that Alfred thfe Great, who rivaled Charlemagne in the traditions of the splendor of his reign, should never have been crowned aS people understand the word today. He began to reign over Wessex in 872. but by 886’ he had gained sway over most of the present land of England, exclusive of Scotland and Wales. When he attained to this magnificence he was formally elected king of England by the soldiers of his army, who clashed their swords on their shields and shouted his name. That was how Alfred was crowned. Elevated King on Their Shields. Edward the elder’s coronation in 941 was much the same. It took place on Whitsunday at Kingston-on-Thames and his soldiers followed the good old Teutonic custom of elevating him on their shields. Edward the Martyr, however, was officially anointed and crowned at St. Dunstan at the same spot in 975, which shows that already the enthronement of a king had taken on a particular religious significance in the eyes of the Saxons, who were the Englishmen of that day. No more would the votes of wild warriors, the clamor of sword .on buckler, and elevation upon a platform of shields to the accompaniment of shouts of savage approval constitute the consecration of an English king. Harold, last of strictly English kings of Saxon stock, was crowned by Alfred, archbishop of York, in Westminster abbey on January 5, 1066. Perhaps of all England’s coronations none was ever more dramatic than that. jSore at heart over the breaking of his forced oath to Duke William of Normandy, terribly worried by the threatened double Invasion of hiß realm, torn this way and that, conscious that he was surrounded by Norman spies, be occupied a situation whichonecanreadlly appreciate. Looking down the misty vista of the crowded nave —much the same then, more than eight centuries ago, as it is today—streaked with the winter sunlight falling through the high windows, perhaps he saw across the intervening months to the glory he should win at Stamford bridge, and beyond that the threatened shadow of Senlac field. Visions of Harold Hardrada, the sea king of the north, of the traitorious Earl Tostig, of the stout house carles of the Saxon thanes, of the long lines of armored Norman men-at-arms, and archers that came up the Senlac the day of that last great fight—all these throng through the echoing isles of Westminster, hovering over the tombs of soldiers and statesmen of the past. They are part of the heritage of that Saxon England bequeathed to the generations that followed her, part of the memories of Harold, the son of Godwin, whose eye was pierced by » Norman arrow Just before the shield wall broke and Saxon England passed. Slaughtered People Who Cheered.* On Christmas day of . that same year, or less ~ than ft months later/ another coronation was held In Westminster abbey, when Aldred of York,

he who had placed the crown on Hat* old’s fallen head, did like office for the conqueror. A saturnine memory, that coronation. Outside, in the Btreets of the little village that clue* tered about the gray walls of the min* ister, the people were gathered ae* cording to the old English custom to shout their acclaim of their new master. But the Norman soldier on guard about the tape took the shouts to mean a threat that an attack was imminent, and that swept down upon the village and massacred all the inhabitants. So that Duke William began his new reign with slaughter and oppression that formed a terrible climax to the tragedy at Senlac. So one comes down to the comparatively civilized crowning of t Henry VIII. and his consort, Catherine of Aragon, by William Warbam, archbishop of Canterbury, on St. John the Baptist's day, being also a Sunday and midsummer day of 1549. And after that came the only crowned queen regnant of England, the beautiful and ill fated Lady Jane Grey, who signed her accession proclamation on July 9, 155*3, and before the month was out was ft prisoner, held fast in "Bloody Mary’s” grip. Ten days was the length of her reign, one. of the saddest interludes in English history. Mary, first of that name, was formally crowned in Westminster abbey on Sunday, October 1, by the cardinal bishop of Winchester. That coronation" was big with coming events, Protestantism hung in the balance, the future of the nation, the happiness of the people. Elizabeth followed Mary, being crowned on Janaary IS, 1559, and if possible occasion was yet more portentious than any that had preceded it. It determined the fate of England. It marked the beginning of the English renaissance; of the budding of new thought and feeling, of the growth of the nation's i oversea traffic, and of the inception of that series of bitter shrewd blows at the sea power of Spain that ultimately gave England the right to claim the supremacy of the ocean. When John Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, placed the crown on tbs head of James I. and his consort, Anne of Denmark, on July 25, 1603, in the same historic abbey, it marked another stage In the development of Great Britain: For England had ceased to be England now. She was Great Britain and Ireland, just as later she was to become Great Britain and Ireland and the empire of India, and the dependencies over seas. James L wore a crown heavier than any of his predecessors had worn. It is interesting to note that Henrietta Maria, consort pf Charles 1., refused to be crowned with him, because, being a Catholic, she did not wish to be consecrated In a ceremony of the Protestant church. One wonders if Charles, as he sat on the “stone of scone,* “the stone of destiny,” on Candlemas day, 1626, was able to visualize the scene in Westminster hall, Jane 26, 1657, when Aliver Cromwell/ sat on that same seat and heard himself proclaimed lord protector ‘krith ceremonies almost equal in splendor to those of a coronation. And so that tale goes on, down through Anne, last of the Stuart sovereigns. William and Mary, who were crowned together; the Georges and the "sailor king,” bluff William IV., into the new era that began when Victoria came to the throne and her slim, girlish figure, buttressed by the stern visages of Peel, Wellington and all the other notables who guarded her youth, stood gracefully erect In that spot above the crossing ot the nave and transept, where the rulers ot England take their place, so tha« all may see them assume their dignity and the responsibilities it en, tails.

General Sherman on War.

“I confess, without shame, that I ana tijed and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. Even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bcWies, the anguish and lamentations of distant families appealing to me for missing sons, husbands ahd fathers. It is only those who have not heard a ihpt nor hekrd the shrieks and groans of the wounded and lacerated that cry aloud for moi H!i blood, more vengeance, more desolation.”—General Sherman*