Evening Republican, Volume 17, Number 180, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 30 July 1913 — Page 3

SKULLS AS MILESTONES OF THE AGES

fHE village of Hailing, situated on the banks of the Medway some four miles above Rochester, England, has sprung into fame through the discovery of a prehistoric man; henceforth the name of Hailing will be as full of meaning to genealogists and anthropologists as that of Galley Hill or Tilbury of Neanderthal. At first sight the finding of a humafl skeleton — strangely like the human skeleton of the present day—some six or seven feet below the stirface does not appear an epoch-making event, but ■when the conditions under which it was found are carefully considered, it is just this striking similarity to the living type that renders the Hailing man so Interesting and valuable. An array of details has been unearthed which assures the Investigators that they have here the remains of an individual who long preceded the builders of Stonehenge, a man who dates back at least to what is vaguely known as the early neolithic period, but who more probably lived his strenuous life under the severe conditions obtaining towards the end of the paleolithic age, warring with the mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros and other aggressive creatures of the pleistocene. The famous skull discovered by Mr. Charles Dawson in the/Weald of Sussex last year belongs to the first chapter of the history of the future; the discovery made recently at Hailing yields materials for a much later chapter—the one giving an account of Englishmen towards the close of the pleistocene period. Between the Sussex man and ''die Hailing man lies an immensely long stretch of time—the time necessary for carving out the greater part of that wide and deep hollow between the North and Souths Downs. *ln that time man shed the last of his anthropoid features and assumed his modern form —for the Hailing man is one of ourselves, and the Sussex individual most certainly is not The importance- of the present discovery is that, until now, we knew very little of our British predecessors at the close of the pleistocene period. The Medway has played a part in carving out the Weald of Sussex; it has cut the "bottle-neck** gorge In the North Downs at Rochester to reach the valley of the Thames. On Its western bank, some four miles above Rochester, stands the little village of Hailing—where the recent discovery was made. Between the village and the river lies a stretch of marshland nearly half a mile in width, but as the village is approached the land rises sharply to form a terrace 15 feet above the level of the river. The terrace extends along both sides of the valley; it is composed of stratified brick earths. In this terrace, between the marshland by the river and the village of Hailing, the skeleton was exposed. The discovery was due to' a fortunate mischance. During an, excavation of some depth a slip of the friable earth occurred, revealing the greater part of a skeleton lying In situ as shown tn the diagram. This landslip also disclosed a fact of great importance, namely, that the strata above were unbroken and level as when deposited in the course of many thousands of years. There can thus be no Question as to the antiquity

spersed .with larger, which suggest pieces of brick. Overlying this stratum was a layer of sand with a layer of more recent brick earth above it, then red loam, and finally the vegetable top eoil—altogether four strata, averaging about six feet in total thickness. The top of the stratum in which the remains were found appears to have been the land surface of the age in which the man lived. This is shown by the fortunate discovery, some 30 yards away, of the charred and blackened remains of prehistoric fire hearths, fragments, of burnt bones and wood, worked flints and many animal bones. The worked fllnte have been submitted to expert examination at the British museum, where the balance of opinion appears to be in favor of assigning them to the paleolithic period, or, at any rate, to the time of transition between that and the neolithic age, which would place their »■. age at some 15,000 years. Geological evidence, however, dates them still further back, for the corresponding deposits on the 'opposite side of the Medway have yielded fossils of pleistocene times, when the hairy mammoth, arctic fox, reindeer and woolly rhinoceros roamed the land. The Inference, therefore, is that we have here a paleolithic encampment, and that the skeleton was one of the party, who, judging from the position of the remains, was interred a short distance below the then surface, while some religious significance is suggested by the body being buried with the head to the east How did the human remains come to lie in this stratum of brick earth? Drt Edwards observed, from the position of ths bones which remained fast in place, that the skeleton lay on its back, that all parts of the skeleton were represented, and that the whole did not occupy — more than an extent of three feet in length—evidence that the body was In the "contracted” posture at death. A complete skeleton, much weathered and fragmentary, and in a contracted posture, could only be explained by supposing that it had been buried. The solution of the problem became apparent later. At some distance from the site of the skeleton there were found extensive remains of ancient fire hearths. These lay immediately over the stratum containing the skeleton, and under the overlying or fourth stratum. This level represented an old land surface, and the skeleton was probably one of the men who sat round the hearths on that old land surface. That is the explanation Mr. Cook suggested at a recent meeting of the Royal Anthropological institute, when he gave an account of his discoveries. Mr. A 8. Kennard, who is our highest Authority on the age of val-~ ley deposits, regards the strata over the Hailing man as late pleistocene in date. Mr. Cook described the flint implements found on the old land surface, but they belong to a type which was used by paleolithic as well as neolithic men. The remains of the skeleton were forwarded to Professor Keith of the Royal College of Surgeons, for expert examination, and, as he explained to the writer, a close scrutiny revealed the surprising fact that we have here a type .of man who. . in every 'particular—brain capacity, conformation of ekull, long oval face, pointed projecting chin, stature (five feet four inches) and general build—-

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND

of the remains, the undisturbed condition of the ground precluding the idea of burial at a date later than that in which they were deposited. The remains lay in a stratum of what is geologically known as brick earth, though it will be readily inferred that bricks have nothing to do with It. It ie but the rain wash of centuries, the fine particles being inter-

is practically identical with people one meets in the street every day, and this notwithstanding the great interval of time that must have elapsed and the vastly different conditions of life now prevailing. Indeed, he • found that the brain capacity (some 1,500 cubic centimeters) even exceeds the present-day average. In this respect the skull is analogous to that of the Tilbury foesil man, to which Professor Keith is inclined to assign an age of 30,000 years, judging from the position in which it was found, beneath 31 feet of strata. He is also of opinion that the Tilbury man and his Hailing neighbor are members of the same race, averaging over five feet in height, strongly built, with welLfbrmed skulls and a striking absence of heavy ridges over the eyes, a race which Huxley described as the “river-bed” type, from its apparent haunts. This type is known to have lived in paleolithic times, since a skull was lately discovered In company with pleistocene fossils buried in a Derbyshire cave. The later portion of the paleolithic period is estimated to extend back from some 25,000 for at least 150,000 years. This race of men was immeasurably superior in cranial development to the race represented by the Piltdown skull, supposing this to be human, and unquestionably hundreds of thousands of years intervened between the two. In comparing the great brain capacity of the Hailing man with that of the neolithic skull discovered near Walton-on-the-Naze, which is estimated to be at most not more than 4,000 years old, we do not find the development expected, since the latter possessed a brain capacity of but 1,260 cubic centimeters, whereas the skull of the Galley Hill man, regarded as the oldest British example (excepting the Piltdown) yet discovered, has a brain capacity of between 1,350 and 1,400 cubic centimeters. Professor Keith, In his work on “The Ancient Typgs of Man,” notes that in an average modern man of the Galley Hill skeleton’s stature “one should expect a brain of 1,450 to 1,475 cubic centimeters (and) there are many men in England today with smaller brains than the Galley Hill man.” These remarks will apply with still more force to the Hailing man. Regarding such primitive types as the Neanderthal, Gibraltar and Piltdown skulls, their antiquity must be measured by many hundreds of thousands of years, if we are to understand that a process of .evolution has developed such high paleolithic types directly from these progenitors.

REAL TROUBLE.

First Excited Railroad Official—Heard the news? Second Same Thing—Oh, not so bad. Only five killed —two of ’em brakemen. First—But, my heavens, didn’t yon know that along with that vaudeville baggage we were carrying Jungleo, the 1200,000 trained baboon? The wreck drove him crazy, and the owner's getting ready to sue the road for his full value. —Puck.

JUST TO TRY THEM OUT.

"You require a serious surgical operation." “I am not surprised.” "Ah, you knew then by the way you .felt that there was something serious the matter with you?" “No; I expected I would require an operation when I learned that you had purchased a new set of surgical instruments.”

LET THE PUNISHMENT PIT THE CRIME.

•1 nee & Texas man has been fined a thousand dollars and sentenced to two years in the penitentiary tor whipping an orphan." "And served him right Now I hops the law will get after these people who feed their chll dren parsnips and grapefruit" .s. \

The Christian Church and Social Government

By REV. JAMES M. GRAY. D. D.

- Dcu ot Moody Bible laatsota

TEXT—"Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's;*’ "Thou ehalt love thy neighbor aa thyself.**—Matthew 22:21 and

the atonement ot Christ, and as members of his spiritual body, are separated in an essential sense from the world. They are waiting for his re-appearing, and expect to be glorified and reign with him over the millennial earth. There is a point of view therefore, in which such a people have nothing to do with civil government because such government is a part of the system of ungodliness represented by Satan whom the Scriptures call the god of this world. His dominion is to be destroyed when Christ comes to set up his kingdom in its place. True Christians, therefore, are not expecting'the millennium to be brought about by moral or political reforms, but are waiting for his confing to introduce and make it a possibility. What Caesar Represents. But'while this is true, such Christians believe that they have obligations to the government under which they live, privileges to be enjoyed and a stewardship for which they must give account of God. Paul claimed protection because of his Roman citizenship, but no man has a moral right to ask protection from a govern ment - to which he Is Indifferent, and for which he will not use his influence to make it the best possible. “Caesar” represented the civil government of Christ’s day, and the things to be rendered unto him were the.taxes imposed by the Roman em plre. But the “Caesar” of the United States to whom we are to pay tribute is not an individual or an empire, but in an important sense it is ourselves If this is a “government of the people, for the people and by the peo pie,” we are our own Caesar, and to ourselves we render tribute. According to Christ’s command therefore, we are to support this government in accordance with the laws it has made. And yet more is implied, for we are not only “Caesar” to whom tribute must be paid, but "Caesar” who pays the tribute. For what do we demand this tribute therefore? How much of the taxes levied by us on our fellowmen goes into the‘pockets of those to whom it does not belong, because we are indulging own convenience and letting things alone? How much of it supports our constabulary and law courts, our alms houses and jails whose existence' is because of iniquitous legislation affording license to sin? Are we satisfied that in these things we can give account of our stewardship with jo?? How much attention, as Christians, have we given to these things? How much do we know, and how much have we prayed about them? Party or Purity, Which? This brings us to our second obligation in relation to civil government, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.” Of course, this means that we shall|.try to save our neighbor and bring him with us on the way to heaven. But it means also -that we can not be indifferent to the earthly difficulties of the way. In other words, we must not permit Satan to flaunt his temptations in the way without an effort to destroy them. There are dram shops, brothels and gambling dens open for the allurement of our young men and women If our newspapers are to be believed, law is defied by municipal annotate officers to the demoralization of both public and private standards of right and wrong. Who are responsible for these things? Will not God hold those professing Christians to account who, for the sake of party fealty on the one hand, or lack of public duty on the other, to have failed to overthrow them. The New Testament says scarcely anything about the relation of the Christian church to civil government because in the time of Christ and bls apostles there was no civil government in the in which we conceive of it But the duty of the individual Christian is included nevertheless in the second commandment of the law, “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.” for “love worketh no evil to his neighbor,” either by omission or commission.

It is a common plea of the faint heartened that success depends main ly on luck. I sm no believer in luck and the man who is content to wait for a stroke of good fortune, will probably wait till he has a stroke ot paralysis—Sir F. Trevea

These words of our Lord Jesus Christ suggest a sermon on the relation of the Christian church to civil government But first what is the Christian church? It is an elect body gathered out of all nations, in whom a supernatural work has been redeemed and sanctified through faith in

Practical Fashions

MISSES’ SUIT.

This suit is provided with one of the new short coats, cut entirely loose, with drop shoulder, bell sleeve, wide collar and extension tab closing at the breast The three gore , skirt closes at the side of the front and is slightly draped at one side, Crepe, silk, ratine, linen, serge, etc., can be used for a suit in this style. »■ - The suit pattern (6269).is cut In sizes 14, 16 and 18 yean. Medium size requires 3% yards of 44 Inch material. To procure this pattern send W cents to "Pattern Department," • of this paper. Write name and address plainly, and be sure to give size and number of pattern.

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LADY’S WAIST.

This model gives us a blouse in the nove* coat effect, with peplum extensions below the waist line. The neck opens in a small V and is trimmed with a wide coHar, square tn the back. The sleeves are of elbow length. Brocaded crepe or silk, eponge, allover embroidery end other figured fabrics are used for these waists. The waist pattern (6248) is cut in sizes 84 to 42 inches bust measure. Medium size requires 2% yards of 36 inch material. To procure this pattern send » cents tO j’Pattem Department,", of this paper. Write name and address planny.and >e sure to give size and number of pattern.

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Aid for Short-Sighted.

A German doctor has devised a revolutionary method of correcting poor eyesiiht It is a telescope spectacle and is claimed to be the best and healthiest method for a near-sighted person to bring objects close to the eyes and thus see well at a distance The glasses are a combination of a convex objective with a concave eyepiece and have to be flttedmost carefully to each person.

Would Operate on Condemned Men.

Speaking in Paris again, of his experiments, Dr. Alexis Carrel of New York, Nobel prize winner, said: “I can only operate on the heart, lungs and arteries of an animal. I have had many struggles with the measures which the American anti-vi-visection societies have been taking. Why electrocute a condemned mant| Why not give me his body? The condemned man will not suffer any more and he will render a last service to so. dety, which be has dishonored.*