Evening Republican, Volume 17, Number 142, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 14 June 1913 — Page 2

AEROPIANES IN THE NAVY

lEN a naval aviator, Lieut. Ellyson was launched in an aeroplane from a catapult recently and his flying machine bore him gracefully aloft without slightest tendency toward stumbling it market an important advance in the use of airships in the navy.

The aeroplane as an adjunct to military operations has already shown its value both in Tripoli find in Turkey. Besides dropping bombs upon Turks and Arabs it has proved of greater usefulness in reconnoitring the position of the enemy. The Bulgarians have gone a step furthers and have used the aeroplane for fire .control purposes, enabling the battery commanders of the field guns to train their weapons so aB to make them tell most effectively against the Sultan’s forces. This matter of fire control is as vital to a navy as to an army in action, especially when the guns of a fleet are Searching out the weak spots in the land defences. But heretofore the aeroplane has been less available for navy than for army use. The catapult tested in Washington ts the invention of Captain Chambers of the navy, and is the outcome of various lessons learned while trying to adapt the aeroplane to the needs of the navy. The practicability of sending aeroplanes In flight from a suitable platform on board ship was early demonstrated, but there were various minor problems to be solved. The launching platforms employed were both long and cumbersome. They took up space that would not be available In time of war, and they blocked the fire of some of the guns. The long runway or sloping platform was therefore prohibitive. With a short/' track substituted which could be easily and quickly put in place and just speedily demounted and stored out of the way, there arose the question of a means of starting the aeroplane effectively. For this purpose Captain Chambers devised the catapult. For years he had specialized In torpedoes and was familiar with the devices successively tried In getting those weapons overboard from a boat. The catapult tried at Annapolis last summer was a sort of modified torpedo launching outfit of the earlier type, and compressed air was employed to give the initial push. The trial mechanism was of necessity rather crude, but this fact did noc deter Lieutenant Ellyson from subjecting himself in a hydroaeroplane to the extreme shock of the device in order to find out the effects of such a concussion, not only upon the air pilot, but likewise upon the motor attachments and other fittings which might be wrenched loose or deranged That test was entirely satisfactory ’n its lessons, but the aviator and his machine got a ducking. The catapult lately tried at, the Washington navy yard ts devised so that the hydroaeroplane attains its launching speed without violence, and this Insures the launching of the machine without fear of deranging any of the apparatus or dislodging the aviator from his seat. The runway or starting track is short and can be put in position in several places on a fighting ship without Interfering with the maneuvering of the guns or Impeding any other operation of importance.

Of course the demonstration at Washington over the Potomac river under fairly Ideal weather conditions Is not a counterpart of what may confront the naval aviator at sea. but so far as the actual getting away from the ship is concerned that function can be promised under any circumstances which on shore would warrant an aviator In trying to go up In the air The other side of the problem In that of returning to the ship again, and here success is likely. Glenn H. Curtiss has devised a form of float or boat for his hydros which is capable of sustaining the flying machine when waves of considerable slzo

CUT OUT FOR A DIPLOMAT

A LabouChere anecdote which has not been done to death Is given in the new volume of recollections by Sir Henry Lucy (“Toby. M. P "J. to whom It was told by Labby himself It concerned the younger son of. a peer, who thought that a berth in the diplomatic service was as desirable a place as an* •‘for one who took life rather easily He knew nothing of the special subjects upon which the prellml-

are running, and this will be taken advantage of when the hydroaeroplane returns from its scouting expedition. The aviator will alight with his machine upon the water on the sheltered side of the vessel, and, thus protected from the stronger sweep of wind and wave, the air pilot and his apparatus will be easily hoisted aboard. Developments in other directions are increasing day by day the reliability of the aeroplane and its value as a military implement. Just as the self-starter has added to the convenience of the up-to-date automobile, a similar device is contributing to the efficiency of the hydroaeroplane as part of the equipment of a fighting ship. With a good self-starter, by which the air pilot can set his motor going from his seat, and with a launching apparatus like that devised hy Captain Chambers, the aircraft will be ahle to assume Its own propulsion the Instant It leaves the runway of the catapult. It is not enough, however, simply to get the flying machine into the air; the scouting aviator has a lot to attend to after he is aloft and Btarted upon bis mission. Until a short while ago the air pilot had his hands dangerously full of things to be manipulated in order to sustain him safely in flight, and a moment’s inattention was pretty certain to invite trouble if not disaster. He had no opportunity to make observation of the land beneath him or to release bombs intended to hit a certain spot on the landscape below The airman therefore needed a companion whose duties should be limited to reconnitering and to dropping projectiles upon the enemy. Now it happened that the machines used by the Italians in Tripoli were not weight carriers, and it was therefore out of the question to support a second person in ttfem. Accordingly the aviator had to do all the work himself, and this explains why bombs dropped from aeroplanes so often failed to hiU their mark. The Italian dirigible balloons, on the other hand, because they could be maneuvered deliberately and could lift a number of persons, were successful as bomb throwers, and what they did showed what could be* expected of a flying machine properly built for military work.

As a result of study a number of devices have been developed which make it possible now to Insure to a large degree the automatic control of an aeroplane's equilibrium, and other apparatus is being perfected which reduces the demands upon the aviator. Quite apart from the military importance of these later inventions, the physical and nervous stresses upon the aviator are fewer. These have proved so exhausting during the war between Italy and Turkey that the pilots have become Incapacitated after six months of service, and doctors declare a rest period of at least two years is needful in order to insure their recuperation and fitness again for duty with the flying squadron.

Among the helpful apparatus now being developed by an American firm is a gyroscopic device which gives promise of success In maintaining the stability of an aeroplane In flight, captain Chambers Is engaged in the construction of an aerial compass which will not only give directtonal guidance, but will also compensate for the drift or sidewise movement of the flying machine. On the other side of the Atlantic Instrument makers have been working away at the same problem with'jff&re or leas success. The market supply of such apparatus Is not large. That there la need of just such an aid to aerial navigation 1b evidenced by the fact that a German firm was suddenly denuded of its supply by the demands of the war In the Balkans. It Is safe to say that no small share of the effective aid rendered by the Bulgarian flying corps has been directly due to these instruments. In the past aviation generally has been encouraged more as a sporting

nary examination was based, but there was at least the promise of a lark. As far as he could make out, he did not supply a single correct answer to the long list of questions. ' Nevertheless, he came out first In the competition. It was a surprise even for a confident yound lordling. Meeting one of the examiners at dinner a few days later, he ventured to ask how the thing came about “We at once saw

proposition than an art susceptible of practical benefits, and this has really hurt aviatibn more than it has helped. Speed has appealed pre-eminently to racing men and to what may appropriately be termed the nautical acrobats, and in some senses this speed has saved more lives than it has sacrificed under the hazardous circumstances of its employment The victorious Vedrines strongly advocates speed on the score that it makes for safety hy offsetting or combating more successfully atmospheric vagaries while in flight, but this element of high velocity multiplies the hazard or the difficulty of alighting as well as increasing the danger of engine trouble and shortness of the life of the motor.

For war purposes an aeroplane motor should work efficiently at different speeds because varying drive power will be needed for dissimilar services. A motor of this sort would lend itself to relatively low speed so that the flying machine could return to thd ground much as a vessel slackens her headway when coming up td her dock. Captain Chambers has a very definite opinion upon this subject, which he explains as follows: “A weight carrying aeroplane, such as a hydroaeroplane, necessarily needs a motor with considerable range of speed, and the same kind of motor is needed to reduce the danger of alighting. I think aviation would be improved if the terms of future speed contests were arranged so as to require each contestant to go over the course twice—the second time at an average speed 20 per cent, lower than his highest average.” ~ The layman has heard so much of anti-balloon guns and other weapons for the annihilation of all kinds of aircraft, that he pictures the flying machine as being knocked into bits by the precise fire of these weapons. As a- matter of fact, during the war in Tripoli the Ita.lian aeroplanes were 'but seldom hit, never disastrously, and when up in the air three thousand feet they were not touched at all. American naval aviators, with their hydroaeroplanes. have proved that it is entirely feasible for them to reach this height, and so far as endurance of Bight is concerned, they hold the record —Lieutenant Towers of the-'navy having traveled for six hours ten minutes and twenty seconds in a standard navy Curtiss hydroaeroplane, inventors have developed an aer6plane wireless outfit of very moderate weight, and with this equipment aviators are able to cover a range of fifty miles.

The next naval conflict is likely to find hvdroaeroplanes a feature of the essential equipment of all large men-of-war. and the flying machine must be considered seriously and not as a mere fad or a mechanical achievement of no material value. In peace-time maneuvers the French have clearly shown that the aeroplane la capable of doing scout duty of an Important character, detecting not only ships upon the water, hut the presence of submarines supposedly hidden below the surface of the sea; and recent experiments with armor piercing bombs—dropped from aircraft —have turned a new page in the art of warfare.

Old Fight Renewed.

“My old barber has left the city." “You seem very regretful." “Yea; he had been trying to sell me a bottle of hair tonic for the last 15 years, and so far I had succeeded In standing him off. Now I shall have to start the battle all over with a new man.”

you knew nothing," was the reply. “But yoyr manner was so free from constraint under what to some peopld would have been peculiarly embarrassing circumstances that we said to each other, ‘That’s the very man to make a diplomatist.' So we gave you a start on your career.”

Ungallant Chinese Preverb.

“A woman's heart," says the Chinese proverb, “Is like the moon. It changes continually, but It always hat a man It"

SHADES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT

Fretty Paper Affairs Can Easily Be Made—Flower Patterns Much • In Favor. \ \ Green cartilage paper should be cut Into a circular shape with a small circle cut from the center and a section cut from the side, so that when the ends are joined it will make the shade conical-shaped. Next, before joidlng the pieces, draw a pattern upon the edge, cutting it out with a sharp practically making a stencil , pattern. This is Venetian paper work, and if one is provided with a very sharp knife, manicure scissors and a small stiletto the work . pan be quickly done. The idea Is to have the design perfectly smooth. Back this with a medium thin red paper, using a thin paste to join them together. Photograph paste is excellent for this purpose, and a roller is helpful in smoothing the papers. Do not bend the paper to form the cube shape until trie paste is dry. Roll it gently to prevent it from breaking. Join the edges and trim the lower and upper edge. If there is no brass glotjp support upon the electric light bulb it will be necessary to make a wire triangle across the top of the shade. Remove the bulb, place the shade over it, replace the bulb in the socket and the shade is secure. For patterns there ajp flower patterns and the conventional stencils.

ALL AROUND the HOUSE

Fish may be scaled much easier by dipping them for a moment in boiling water. The old-fashioned, natural pongee should be ironed rough dry or while still slightly damp. Sprinkling is very apt to spot it Glassware that has been washed in warm, soapy, blue water and dried in warm sawdust will have all appearance of the real article.

If moths have attacked a carpet, werk powdered borax into the carpet wherever there is a sign of the insects, and scatter it under the furniture. .For vinegar, save all peelings from fruity boll in enough water to cover, strain and set aside unsealed to ferment. Rinse out all emptied jars and pour the rinsing into the vinegar jug. The vinegar will be a fine amber color, sharp and pure. When washing cream wool or cotton goods, instead of using bluing, try putting the water in which- a few onion skins have been boiled in the last rinsing water. This is much brighter and cleaner than the cream color made by coffee, often jused. Wash and dry flannels as quickly as possible if you wish to keep them soft and white. Faded blue hair ribbons may be freshened by allowing them to stand in strong blue water a few minutes after being washed and ironed with a warm iron. A towel rack with the three arms placed on the inside of the closet or wardrobe will be found handy to place the neckties on. They can .be easily selected without hunting through the box. A board about twelve inches long, into which, brass hooks have been screwed, can be hung on the door and used for belts or strings of beads.

Old-Fashioned Cake.

Into a dish put one cupful of sugar and one and one-half cupfuls of flour sifted with one rounding teaspoonful of baking powder. Into a measuring cup put the whites of two eggs, adv. butter till the cup is half full and then All it full of sweet milk. Beat five minutes and bake in a loaf tin in a moderate oven. Frost it with white icing sprinkled over with eome of the red and blue sugar our grandmothers used on the Christmas cakes of oldfashioned days.

Cod Au Fromage.

Mix one cupful of cold boiled macaroni, broken into short pieces, and one cupful of cold boiled codflsh and put into buttered baking dish. Take a piece of butter half the size of an egg and lay it on in bits, with a pinch of salt and a dash of pepper. Moisten with about a half cupful of milk, cover with fine bread crtimbs and sprinkle three tablespoonfuls of grated cheese on top. Bake until brown.

Dried-Up Cheese.

A good way to use up cheese that has become dry- is to grate it, add a piece of butter, and creaun if you have it; to mplsten it stir with a fork until it becomes creamy and you will have something delicious. If you do not have cream, milk will do. —Christian Science Monitor.

Cream Tea Biscuits.

Sift one quart of flour with two teaspoonfuls baking powder and oneteaspoonful of salt. Mix to a soft dough with sweet cream, roll thin, cut into tiny biscuits aqd bake in a quick oven.

Calves Liver Dumpling.

One pounds minced liver, one-half pound goose grease, yolks of eight eggs, four ounces soaked bread, salt, pepper, nutmeg, parsley, small fine onion and mushrooms, whites of four eggs beaten stiff. Bake in pan.

San Pedro Martir Mountain

THE Coast flange culminates in the peaks of San Gorgonio and San Bernardino of the San Bernardino mountains, with San Antonio and San Jacinto only a little lower on either side. Then the range makes a decided drop to the south and shows heights of quite a different character, with blunt tops instead of sharp peaks. Palomar and Cajon mountains are bold and conspicuous but not high, as mountains on the coast go. Still farther south, however, in the peninsula of Lower California, the range makes another lunge upward and produces the great San Pedro Martir mountain, more than nine thousand feet highThat is its last great effort, for in its more southern reaches it 1b much broken, with plenty of peaks, to be sure, but no high ones. While some of the mountains of the upper part of the range are higher than San Pedro Martir, none other presents so huge a bulk. Seen from San Telmo, it is an unbroken wall forty or fifty miles long, which at the north end is first cut down sharply and then beyond is almost completely demolished, as mountains rank; and at the south end is torn into gaps and has had its crest knocked off. There sire two picachos, sharp, needlelike, of pure white granite, but they are so near the eastern side of the mountain that they cannot be seen at all from the west, and not from the south till one has reached San Juan De Dios, then they appear pointing heavenward, shining white like great icebergs. * Almost Perpendicular. The western side of the mountain is abrupt, with very few places where it may be climbed, but the eastern side is tfill more so and makes an almost perpendicular drop to the desert. On that side one may descend, in scarcely more than an hour’s time, from snow and freezing temperatpre to a spot where the sun is warm and birds are nesting. And then from beneath the feathery crowns of tropical palms die may' look back to where, almost directly overhead, stand the rugged pines he has just left. It is miles across the top from east to west, apd with its great length the dimensions of the mountain are such as to almost entitle it to be called a high tableland, with hills and valleys and streams of its own. As it is high enough to catch winter snows and summer rains, the pasturage on the top is always good, and when the lower lands between the mountain and the Pacific are parched with drought here Is a haven for starving herds. They come from as far away as San Juan De Dios and grow fat on the sweet grasses and the delightfully cool summer air. When winter grips the mountain, however, the herds must descend, for then the climate Is too rlgorouß to be borne, without sufficient shelter.

The cattle and horses are net the only ones that grow fat from a summer residence on San Pedro; the herders also are in clover, for the great forests are the home of innumerable deer, and bighorn as well, though not in so great numbers as the deer. Two Mexican frlendß of mine who were tending a herd of cattle on the summit, in two weeks shot fifty deer and might easily have shot more, but they could not take care of and transport any more Jerked meat.

Another man had a standing offer from a San Francisco firm of $26, for every head of a male bighorn, and he shipped a good many. That traffic of course was stopped when Mexican law declared a closed season for mountain sheep. It wsb high time, too, for they were wantonly destroyed, sometimes not even for their heads and skins, but merely for the pleasure of slaugh ter. I think If American nlmrods had utiderstoAd how those marvelous hun tfcag grounds might be reached by boat to San Quintin, wnere an efficient Mexican guide with excellent saddle and pack mules was to be pro-

One of the Camps

cured, the slaughter would have proceeded more merrily still. I heard of one American, and he from distant Boston, who had discovered this hunter’s El Dorado, and who made periodical trips to That was before Mexico, in fear of insurrectos, forbade the importation of firearms into the peninsula. It is not strange that San Pedro should harbor so much game, for it is the only really wooded mountain on the peninsula, and the timber here is very fine. Deer and bighorn are not the only game; other animals there are, not so harmless, and that may even play the roll of hunter instead of hunted. Mountain lions are so numerous that young colts, which they consider the most delicious of tidbits, have a hard time trying to become horses. A man living on the western slope of the mountain showed me,a corral fully five feet high from which a mountain lion took a three-year-old filly, leaping the fence with ease with the colt in his mouth, and dragging the carcass a ■ mile up the side of the mountain before he stopped for his meal. Raging Torrents. On. the eastern side there are streams that start bravely from the mountain, but they are immediately sucked up by the sands of the desert. Canyon Diablo Is an excellent example of this; in the time of rains the water rushes from the mouth of the extremely narrow, rocky canyon, which is a mere slit In the mountain wall, in a tumultuous flood. It entirely fills the narrow opening so that the canyon cannot be ascended beyond its mouth, and it canndt be crossed, such a raging torrent is it. Yet in less than a mile it has disappeared, and not only is there no stream, but the rounded arroyo sides are of smooth sand as though years had passed since water flowed between them. Many streams of abundaht flow start out in this way. but all promptly disappearAnd as the mountain acts aB a barrier to check the rains that come in from the Pacific, the strip of land between. San Pedro and the Gulf of California remains absolute desert. On the western slope, however, the streams flow with greater assurance. One of them is turned from its channel and is carried along the skirt of the mountain for twenty miles to waßh the gold from the boII of Socorro. San Antonio creek Is a fairly typical mountain stream, a rushing little river, flowing through its own dense growth of alders and alamos. It proves the mountain quality of its water, too, by sheltering speckled trout that reach the very respectable size of twelve inches. / In one fertile little cove in its deep, rocky canyon It nourishes an oasis of really tropical verdure, a tiny halfmoon of land set thick with fig, grape and peach, where Jack Frost never intrudes.

Earns $2 to Rescue Dog.

Peter Battlnell, thirteen years old. of Stamford, Conn., owns a dog, ot which he Is very fond. Peter’s parents neglected to license the animal, and It fell In tfie hands of the dog . warden, who impounded It. When Peter learned that his dog was In pound he went to the dog warden and tearfully begged that the dog be not " killed. “I’ll earn the money to pay for the license," he promised. The dog warden told the boy to %o ahead and earn the money, and a few days later he appeared with the $2 and received a license. He took the dog away With him. He had earn-xl the money by doing errands and mowing lawnß.

The New Congressman.

"Well, how’s being a congressman?” "Not what It’s cracked up to p*. Been In congress nesrlv three momn# now, and ain’t been able to get on ao Junket to the Paaumf canal."