Evening Republican, Volume 15, Number 154, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 30 June 1911 — Page 2

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE LITTER

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Purdue University Agricultural Extension.

Thirteen, Original Litter—Two Whites and One Black Died.

The success end ultimate welfare of the hog business rests upon the old sow with the capacity for raising large Utters. This is the most essential and fundamental fact Involved in practical pork production. Some sows are kept for "looks," and others for producing pork; but the breeder who thus allows his stock to be classified is not laying the foundation for a successful herd. We want all the "looks" we can get with usefulness, but utility should be insisted upon first. Good looks which contribute to good performance should be our standard. How can we increase the site of the Utter? First —Choose the breeding gilts from the large Utters. This is the safest single guide. The characteristic of prolific breeding quality is transmitted from parent to offspring, and 4 the pigs' of good mothers should always be given the preference. It is usually true that the litter of 8 is as thoroughly nourished as the litter of 8 or 4. The prolific breeders are invariably the heavy milkers. Second—Don’t sell the mature sows which are good breeders. Greatest reliance should be placed upon the sow that has demonstrated by actual performance her ability as a breeder. The gilt la more uncertain, and her ability to successfully nourish a large litter, limited. Age affects the number of pigs quite markedly. Actual observations Would indicate that, on the average. the number of pigs in the litter increases with the age of the sow up to 4 years, when the maximum number Is produced. Another important fact is the general observation that the mature sow produces the stronger, more vigorous, and more even litters. Third —Have the sow in strong health, and gaining, when bred. The number of pigs depend upon the number of fertilized eggs. The number of

The Second Pruning of the Young Apple Tree

By PROF. C. G. WOODBURY

Horticultural Purdue 7 Experiment Station

We had a word to say last time about pruning of the newly set apple tree. The picture showed that about four-fifths of the wood from a wellgrown two year old Akin was cut off when the tree was set in our orchard this spring. Now let us see what to do with that trap-mext year; or, what amounts to the same thing, let us see what to do this yea* 1 with a two year apple set in the spring of 1910. We have 150 of these pruned when set just as that Akin was pruned. These are Jonathan and Staym&n. A Jonathan is shown in the photo just before and after the second pruning; which it got this spring. The tiny leaves at the ends of the twigs show that we .were a little late about finishing this work. The trees are now, however, in line shape. The principle of the second year’s

Jonathan apple tree set In April. 1310, before thto spring** pruning. Pick out last mmmefa granth and s** how It w. pnmed last rear when tort set.

By Prof. W. W. SMITH

pigs cannot exceed the number of eggs produced by the mother. Since the supply of male cells are normally excessive in number compared with the number of egg cells of the female, the sow has most to do in determining the number of pigs. When in good health and slightly gaining in fleSh the sow is supposed to most surely and regularly come lu heat, and at each heat period, produce the maximum number of eggs. This fact is strongly supported by experience. Sows that have been maintained during the summer on grass alone can be most successfully handled during the breeding season in November and December. Fourth—Select the boar from the large litters. Free and fertile breeding quality is inherited from the sow and boar equally. Although the number of pigs is determined chiefly by the sow, in the second and future generations their influence is equal. _ Fifth—When buying a sow prefer the individual that is roomy in the middle, long and deep of sides and that shows a strong development of twelve teats. Though actual performance Is a much safer guide than Individuality alone, nevertheless, there is a relation between the two. Sixth —Exercise and proper feeding and care during the winter are necessary to bring the pigs in embryo to successful maturity at birth. Lack of exercise, and excessive corn feeding mean weak pigs, a high rate of mortality after birth, a feverish, bad-temp-ered sow, and an inefficient milk supply. Seventh —We should remember that the number of pigs a sow produces is more’a matter of individuality than of breed or strain or family. Every breed has prolific individuals, and if care and judgment are exercised in selecting the breeding stock there will be no occasion for changing breeds.

pruning is simple. First, the crowding is relieved. Inside branches that threaten to make the head dense and bushy, or that grow in the" wrong direction, or that cross each other so as to nib when larger; such are removed

Same tree after pruning. It has been thinned out a little and headed la te make It more stocky for future fruh; ingentirely. Of the remaining branches, those which are long and “leggy" are headed In about a third. Stome of oar young Staym&n trees were so stocky that we didn't head them in at all. The Jonathan tends to be more slender and the beading in the second spring, makes it thicken op and grow stockier. ’ The method is not much more complex than the principle. When removing an entire branch .cut close and smooth. By bending a branch up Just a little It can be removed much easier. In heading in. it is usually better to cut to an outside bud. Don’t make the cut too slanting. Cut about a quarter of an inch above the bud with a short stroke. Most of us like a good sharp knife better for these little trees, than hand pruning shears. It Is possible to make a smoother, cleaner cut (after you learn how) with the knife than with the hand shears. Have the knlfe sharp Meat ttaw wejsflT

BOSSES ON SMALL PAY

GIVE ORDERS TO MEN WHO GET MUCH LARGER SALARIES. * Jt . “ ' Trainmaster* and Many Other Official* Receive Considerably Less Than Bom* Engineers and Others Whom They Employ. “Giving orders to men who are earning twice as much as you, might seem

railway in the country and you will find that the men who are giving orders are getting pay checks that look mighty small beside the checks of those who are ‘bossed.* “Take the trainmaster, for instance. He gets a title and $l5O a month or so. He plunks down in his office and tells the conductors how to run their trains and the engineers how to take the sidings and ‘calls - them down’ when they make mistakes. And the chances are that the .engineer who is getting the orders makes S2OO a month. He is being bossed by a man who gets SSO Ipsrf for‘every 30 days that he works. The conductor’s check may be as large or even larger than the engine driver's. "Think of leaning back in an easy chair and telling a man that you’ll give him SSO more than you get if he works' for you. Then, If he doesn’t suit you after he’s been on the road for a time, you call him In, take his job away from him, and give some one else the S2OO a month, while you struggle along on the measly $150." According to the trainmaster, half the railroad "officials” whose names appear In big print on the time cards are receiving less wages than those whom they employ. The average chief dispatcher, who does the major part of the real work in operating a railroad, earns SSOO and gets $175 a month. The division passenger agent, who gives orders to the passenger conductors. arranges for special trains, acts as a buffer between the traveling public and the complaint department, and who has other troubles, varied and numerous, finds his pay check amounting to $125, $l5O or $175. There are exceptions, of course, to the general rule of low-paid officials.

The superintendent, who has charge of a few hundred* miles, may receive anything from |2,000 to $5,000 annually, for running the division. But under’him are half a score men who aid in managing the road and who receive much less than those they employ.

Earliest Railway Guides.

The first railroad guides were mere children’s books compared with pres-ent-day productions, says the London Globe. The first Bradshaw contained six pages only. The date of the origin of Bradshaw is generally given as 18S9, and about that time there were other guides in existence which were no less interesting, but which eventually died out and passed Into the limbo of forgotten things. One of the earliest was entitled Lacey’s Railway companion and Liverpool and Manchester Guide. It was a very friendly production, describing the scenery through which the railway passed, "and pointing out to the visitor at both places all that Is Interesting and necessary for business and pleasure.” It was published at Liverpool, and was on sale in Lon--ffon as well as in the northern towns at the price of one shilling. Though this old guide does not possess any date, it contains advertisements tor the annuals and almanacs for 1836, which provides a clue as to the time of its origin, and shows it to be probably the first railway guide ever published. As there were only some twelve trains starting dally, they did not occupy much space, and the guide was expanded to 76 pages by a description of the coast and construction of the line.

Lay in Safety Under Cars.

A number of platelayers had <n extraordinary escape from death recently in an accident at Faxakerley Junction, Liverpool. England. Thirty men were relaying rails, when a ballast train, in getting off the main line to allow another train to pass, backed Into a section of eight men who were carrying a rail. All the men were run over by the train, the whole of the SO cars passing them. Not a man waa seriously injured. Their lives were

a bit strange to any one but a railroad man,” a trainmaster on Otta of the many western railways remarked.. -«. “But that’s just what one has to do,” he continued. "Take almost any

FINEST ENGINES IN WORLD

Contrast Between American. Locomotives and Those Used tn Europe Is Rather Btoitftng. The steel trust end the railroads may be roundly abused for the coinmission of every sin, reasonable and unreasonable, under the Sherman law, but there is onfe thing they must be credited with, and that is putting forth and operating the finest rolling stock in. toe world. . American visitors abroad are quick to comment on the insignificant size and "queer” type of locomotives used by English and continental trains. One explanation is that the railroads of Europe have not had the profligate liberty that those in America have enjoyed, that they have been hindered am} circumscribed, even to the air space around the tracks. Often in England, roads, on encountering a common, Instead of blithely building a track rlgbt through it, have been compelled to use a tunnel or a bridge, and consequently the engines have to be kept as small and compact as possible. " i -ts"

In contrast to the locomotives of Europe is Santa Fe engine No. 3000, which has just rolled out of the shops at Topeka, Kas. It Is of the Mallet type, and is the largest locomotive in the world. It made its first trip a few days ago between Topeka and Emporia, but soon will be put to work more befitting Its strength. No. 3000 is one of fifty of the same type ordered by the Santa Fe. They will cost about $50,000 each. By the use of the Mallet articulated locomotives an ordinary train may be hauled from Chicago to the Pacific coast, or vice versa, without a change of engines. They can haul ordinary trains up steep mountain grades, where under other circumstances the train would have to be shortened or more locomotives summoned. The Mallet locomotive is really a double engine, with two boilers, each with its own set of driving wheels. The result is that the engine is transferred into an articulated locomotive of double power without an Increase In cost. No. 3000 Is nearly 122 feet long and weighs 375 tons with its tender. It has ten pairs of driving wheels in two- sets of five pairs each.

WILL HONOR PHINEAS DAVIS

Railroad to Erect Tablet to Memory of Inventor of Locomotives That Burn Coal. The Baltimore & Ohio railroad intends to erect a tablet to the memory of Phineas Davis, inventor of the first coal-burning locomotive in America, whose body occupied an unmarked grave in the cemetery of the old Friends meeting-house at York, Pa. The career of Davis is among the most romantic of American inventors. Beginning as an apprentice to a noted watch and clock maker, he created a sensation in 1820 .by producing a perfect timepiece not larger'than a nickel flve-cent piece. Later, while he was connected with a firm of machinists, he had a share in the building of the .first iron steamboat In America, which was launched on the Susquehanna river. In 1832 the Baltimore & Ohio offered a prize of $3,500 for a coalburning locomotive that would excel all others in a competitive test, and In this Davis won over Peter Cooper and other noted American inventors. He was then taken into the service of the company and three years later, as a result of many experiments, he brought out another engine which was claimed to be superior to anything produced in America or England prior to that time. On the trial trip, over rails laid on wooden stringers, Davis lost his life through the breaking of one of these rails. He was only forty years old at the time of his death, and, as the development of motive power advanced, he was forgotten through achievements that overshadowed what he had done.

Railroad Crossing Safety Gates.

Plans of an Interesting and ingenious device to prevent loss of life at level railroad crossings, have been forwarded to us by the inventor and patentee, Mr. T. H. Cassidy, Cranbrook. B. C. The device consists of bar gates of the ordinary variety operated by means of compressed air, supplied from a compression chamber, the piston of which is Set in motion by a trip trigger on the railway track. A great deal, of thought and ingenuity has been shown in perfecting the contrivance, which is extremely praiseworthy. The inventor is willing to permit any railway company to make use of his devioe in the Interests of humanity. Possibly some notifying signal before the bars fall would be an additional advantage to travelers on the highways. Some bell with characteristic sound, electrically operated from the rails by the approaching trains, would seem to be greatly needed at all level crossings.

Advance In Ten Years.

In ten years the number of passenger cars In the United States has Increased from 33.595 to 44.623. Ths number of freight cars has risen rrom 1,248.826 to 2.130.110. an Increase ot over seventy per cent., but their capacity has increased over one hundred

To Exhibit Old Locomotive.

The Philadelphia and Reading Rail way company will place on permanent exhibit ita old locomotive, the Rocket, under the track elevation at Columbia avenue In a few weeks. This engine was built In London In 1838, and was used by the Reading until about 188 a It Is being restored to Its original appearance.—Philadelphia Record.

THE BOUDOIR

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MAKING TABLE PRETTY DECORATIONS MUST FOLLOW y DICTATES OF FASHION. iSsl av - v -Sait- •-VrlSflLrJg vj}-- ■ s. ' ~ r±* ■ *•** yy 7 -* Grouped Bases Are Just New Much In Favor—Combination Flower Holders In White Dresden Charming for Summer There are fashions in table decorations as in everything else; just now grouped vases are in favbr. While these were introduced- last season, there are interesting changes. Instead of too smaller vases for toe corners of the table connected with the large central one by long chains, it is newer to have the set more closely grouped, so as to stand on the eenterpiece or glass plaque. One' handsome -set has a tall een- : tral vase of cut silver with four small matching vases joined to it by curved openwork guards.

Another new set has a larger glass basket overlaid with silver with four small baskets held to the central one by short silver links fastened to the handles. For cheaper effects two sizes of wicker baskets can be gilded and joined by raphia ringß, also gilded. Watch sales, and get fonr small vases to match and a larger one In the same design. In this way a stylish table decoration can be had at sihall cost. If you want the vases linked, fine nickled chains 'can be bought and joined to the standards of thb vases, but they are not especially new and the floral effect Is equally good without them. The glass chains are more artistic with glass vases than the ch’lna ones, or pretty effects can be had with chains of crystal beads. These combination flower holders are* charming for summer cottages in white Dresden or bellique. They come in novel shapes, many of them connected by a low fence-like arrangemet in the bam* ware. One in .Greek design had all the bases shaped like a Doric column, with the tops hollowed to hofil flowers. Very hew and artistic, with corresponding cost, is an oval floral arrangement for the center of the table. It has a mirror about three-quarters of a yard long, bordered with a narrow silver rim. This holds in the center a low oval vase of rock crystal, supplied with a wire netting for keeping the flowers erect At each end of the mirror are semicircular sections to hold shortstemmed flowers, with a tall, slender vase to cap each section. At ton sides, filling In the intervening space, are two other low sections rectangular In shape. Wonderful floral combinations can be arranged in these.

MOUSSELINE DE SOIE WAIST

With Square Plastron of White Lace and Bordered With Beaded Embroidery Makes Pretty Effect, Thiswaist is of pale blue mousseline de sole with square plastron of white lace, bordered with a beaded embroidery. It is trimmed around the

neck with, embroidery, lace and black velvet The undersleeves are of lace, the girdle is of black velvet or satin.

Lingerie Cushions.

The piUow cushion In tapestry or fine lawn and embroidery Is proving very popular. Some of the lawn designs are exquisitely embroidered t>y hand and inpet with lace motifs, while the tapestry and brocade designs are simply made with a plain edging in oord in the color which predominates la the material. Broderla anglalse adorns some of the pillowwhaped cushions, with flat edgings of lace ss a finish. When used in the bedroom, cushions of this kind are accompanied by handkerchief sachets, nightdress esses, glove rases, etc., made to match

FOR EARLY SUMMER WEAR

Pretty Styles Suitable for Charming . Patterns Shown In Thf* Season’s s-." Thin Materials. ;: 4*'"f Our Illustration shows a style suitable for quite thin material, and this season there are any number of new Mid charming patterns from which to select. Silk warp eolienne in gentian blue is uqed for our model. The tunic is turned up with a deep hem, headed by ribbon that 1s tied in a bow at the left side. The bodice is cut Magyar; it Is made with a yoke of lace with tucked net at toe top, which Is also used for

the collar band. The fulness of bodice is gathered to yoke under a band of silk; the epaulettes of lace are also laid on under this silk band; the short, puffed under-sleeves are of tucked net. ' * - - Hat of pale blue Tagal trimmed with a cluster of pink roses, i*" Materials required for the dress:' £ yards 44 inches wide, 4 yards sateen for lining, % yard tucked net, % yard lace 18 inches wide, % yard silk on the cross, 4 yards ribbon.

LIBERTY SILK FOR SUMMER

New and Exquisite Thing for Summer Evening Wear Hhs Just Come Out.' Liberty, who is famous for his-light and colored wraps, has sent over a new and exquisite thing to be used for summer evenings. It is in shaded liberty silk, usually in pink, and the coloring is worked up in the marvelous way for which he is famous. v The underside is a darker pink than the outside, and is turned back in the form of great envelope flaps below the waist 'f- , ' 1 The back is draped up toward the waist line and the edges are finished with a shirred puff, which is edged with a silk cording. There is not a. bit of embroidery or lace on it; it nearly covers the gown, and it can be worn with any kind of costume provided the colors do not clash. If one cannot get the silk in the colorings one wants it, then it would be advisable to copy this wrap in that hew reversible satin iftilch is exceedingly fashionable and can be got in any combination of colors one desires. < Among the lovely and ornate wraps Which have been brought out for evening wear are those in printed chiffon cloth in the Persian colors. There is one in black which is almost covered with a aoft-hued design in dull blue, red, yellow and pink. This is unlined, is quite long, falls full and sllmly from shoulders to hem, and is gathered up at the qide seams, at waist line, in such a way thgt U forms a tube-like opening for the arms. This is finished with a deep ruffle of dun red satin, and the fronts are fastened with two streamers of satin, which are slipped through a mother of pearl ring that looks like the kind used for "babies’ rattles. There Is a wide lace collar in dull ecru Venetian weave. 5 :"- •

Beads on Parasol.

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