Democratic Sentinel, Volume 19, Number 32, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 16 August 1895 — Page 5

SODA WATER.

HOW THE POPULAR SUMMER BEVERAGE IS MADE. Marble Dust and Oil of Vitriol the Chief Factors in Producing Soda Water--Process of Bottling. Soda water, as it ia known both in the popular idea and to the trade, is plain hydrant water charged with more or less pure carbonic-acid gasIt derived its name from the old, fashioned method of manufacture! which was by putting a teaspoonfur of soda into a tumblerful of water and stirring the mixture Soda water thus made was a long-used remedy for minor stomach troubles, and its efficiency as such is acknowledged to this day. The “fizz” of a soda fountain is soda water proper, or ’“club soda,” as it is technically known. Back of the marble slabs of the typical fountain of to-day is to be found a copper retort, oval shaped, except as to the end on which it stands, and varying in height from two to five feet, according to the size of the fountain or the amount of trade carried on by its proprietor. These retorts contain from 200 to 1,200 glasses of “fizz,” larger fountains using retorts which contain more. They are fitted with stops and valves, and are connected with the fountain by ordinary pipe connections. The pressure of the charged water on the retort at the time it is placed in position is about one hundred pounds to the square inch. Factories which make “club soda” generally work in other lines of the business, such as putting up bottled soda and many varieties of charged water. All waters are charged in the same manner. The gas is formed from the chemical action of what is popularly known as oil of vitriol on marble dust and water. The marble dust in most factories in the West is bought by the wholesale of a Cincinnati house and is shipped in hogsheads. An amount of the marble dust sufficient for the charge desired is placed in a retort or “generator,” about five feet long, oval-shaped and fastened firmly on its side in a metal framework. The generator is formed of a layer of lead on the inside to’ resist the vitriol, a layer of steel to withstand the pressure, and outside of beaten copper to prevent rust.

Through the center of the retort runs a steel shaft on which are lead paddles so fastened that when the shaft is turned by a crank outside of the generator or retort the contents of the latter are thoroughly agitated, much as cream is agitated in a churn. Above the generator is a separate retort, termed the “cooler,” in which is placed the oil of vitriol. The amount of the latter to be run into the generator is governed by an automatic gauge, the pulling out of a single lever performing the whole operation. High pressure pipes connect the generator with one or two retorts formed like the generator except as to «the vitriol “cooler.” These retorts are filled with the water to be charged. After the marble dust and water are placed in the generator the vitriol is let in. The water ,in the generator is then agitated until the diluted vitriol reaches the marble to the best advantage. The chemical action is very simple and the gas given off is carried by the high pressure pipes to the retorts containing the water. The water in these retorts is thoroughly agitated so that the gas is mixed with it perfectly, and the “club soda” process is complete, the drawing of the charged water into the lountain retorts being merely a matter of piping with perfect connections. In the factories are put up those bottles of soda water which appear where fountains are not to be found and whose contents is known to the trade as “pop,” “cream beer” and the like. These productions are simply “club soda” mixed with a proper amount of flavoring syrup and bottled, the bottles, being small glass retorts capable of sustaining a pressure of at least six atmospheres, or ninety pounds to the square inch. These bottles contain nine ounces of fluid, one and one-half ounces being the flavoring syrup and the rest the “club soda.” The bottling process is the most interesting one about a soda factory. Into the neck of each bottle is fitted a patent stopper, so arranged that when the bottle is full the pressure from within holds it in place. To open the bottle it is simply necessary to press down on the stopper. The bottling is done by a single workman and an automatic feeder operated by two levers, one of which, managed by the workman’s foot, controls the supply of charged water, and the other, managed by the operator’s left hand, controls the injection of the syrup. The feeder is fastened to a framework on a table, before which the operator stands. Above him on shelves are kegs containing the syrups, and from the keg in use is a pipe connecting it with the feeder. The soda water is conducted to the feeder generally direct from the generator retort. The feeder, in controlling the syrup, acts on the principle of a force pump, the piston chamber holding exactly the one and one-half ounces of syrup required for each bottle. The operator pulls a lever and lets the full chamber empty itself into the bottle; releasing the lever pumps the chamber full of syrup for the next bottle. Then by pressure on the foot lever the heavily charged water is turned into the bottle, and when the latter is filled is deftly turned off, amid a large amount of sputtering on the part of the machine. As it is turned off and the foot lever is released a small hook at the point of connection of the bottle with the machine catches in the metal portion of the stopper and pulls it into place—the entire operation with an expert operator being the work of but three or four seconds. An experienced workman can fill 8,000 bottles in a day.

CARE OF THE EYE.

A Few Simple Rules for Preserving the Sight Intact. A few simple rules carefullyobeyed will do much to preserve the eyes in health, Light and color in

rcomf are important The walls are best finished in a single tint Windows should open directly upon the outer air, and light is better when they are close together, not separated by much wall space; not distributed. Light should be abundant but not dazzling. It should never come from in front nor should sunlight fall upon work or on the printed page. Never read or sew in the twilight, after an exhausting fever, nor before breakfast. Look up frequently when at work and fix the eyes upon some distant object. Break up the stretch of wall by pictures that have a good perspective. These rest the eye, as does looking out of a window. When at work on minute objects rise occasionally, take deep inspirations with the mouth closed, stretch the body erect, throw the arms backward and forward, and step to an open window or out into the open air for a moment. Two desks of different heights are valuable for a student or writer, one to stand by and the other to sit by. Plenty of open air exercise is essential to good eyesight. The general tone of the nervous system lias much to do with the eyesight. Prolonged or excessive study frequent!}' has pain or poor vision as symptom. The use of tobacco may bring about defective vision, and alcohol sometimes destroys it utterly, owing to nerve inflammation that it sets up. City life, with shut in streets and narrow outlook, favors the production of errors in vision. When looking at distant objects the normal eye is at rest. To see near by, muscular effort is required. This effort, when constant, changes the shape of the eyeball. After the eighteenth or twentieth year, parts of the eye that earlier shows signs of bulging, or becoming near sighted, may acquire new strength, and those who escape myopia up to this time are naturally free from it after that. The children of near sighted parents are in special danger. They require constant care. It is best to have all children’s eyes examined for defects when they are 10 years old. Near sight and color blindness are barriers to the army and navy, to certain fine and mechanic arts, and to many industrial pursuits. Their early recognition saves time and money, and often prevents the discouragement of defeat. Ounces of prevention are better than tons of cure. There are but few forms of partial or total blindness that were not at one time the reverse of hopeless. In view of this fact, the duty of parents and guardians is clearly manifest. Ignorance must be replaced by knowledge, carelessness by enlightened forethought. Precautions in the way of type, light, color and rest and exercise, togethei with occasional calls upon the oculist, will probably secure fair sight for life.

Clothing in the Philippines.

The substitute for cotton and woolen goods in the Philippine Islands is called mouflla cloth, and it is made from the mouffla plant, which is a species of hemp. The fiber of this plant is coarse, stiff, and not pliable. It is the white, inner surface of the long thin shoots that is used. The natives pull the fiber out, wet the finger and twist the thread, which, as a consequence, is uneven and full of little bunches. Very little mouffla cloth is exported from the island, as it has an extensive domestic use. It takes an industrious woman several weeks to make a strip of mouffla cloth ten feet long and three feet wide. Flax being unknown on the islands, the only other material for cloth is silk. The Philippine forests are full of mulberries, and silk was woven long before white men came to the islands. Some of the Philippine silk is as fine as the finest China silk. Much of it is elaborately brocaded, although the process requires an immense amount of time, as the threads which form the pattern have to be tied up each time separately. The nambilla, a square piece of brocaded silk, forms the principal garment of the richdt natives on the smaller islands. This is six feet wide by seven feet long, and requires about seventeen months for its manufacture. A Philippine weaver takes her child on her back and weaves for half an hour, then she goes down to the stream and draws a jug of water, or down to the seashore for a swim in the surf. After weaving a few minutes more, she again goes to the brook or the shore, and washes out some single article of clothing, never washing more than one garment at a time, so that during the day she probably put in about six hours at the loom.

Back Yards Are Wasted.

An old gardener told the Cincinnati Times-Star reporter that the most wonderful thing about city folks is their ignorance of what they could do with the little strips of ground surrounding their houses and especially with their back yards, “They are not big enough for lawns,’’said he. “so most people just use them to walk on, but if they had some gumption they could enjoy many a garden delicacy of their own raising. A strip twenty feet long and a foot wide against the wall would furnish enough grapes for two people to eat. The next foot would supply them with peas; the next with beans; the next with radishes and turnips and lettuce; one bush in each of the four corners would produce plenty of gooseberries; another foot in width would supply all the strawberries; another foot raspberries; another blackberries; another a month’s supply of potatoes; another with several fine messes of corn, and so on. There are ten feet planted, but give what I have named twenty feet, as almost anv city backyard could do, and they would grow wonderfully. A back yard twenty by twenty would raise plenty of small truck for two people, yet how many back yards are wasted 1”

A Paradise for Poulterers.

Johannesburg, South Africa, must be a veritable paradise for poulterers. It appears from one of the local papers that eggs there cost $1.85 a dozen, which, even in the region of gold and diamond mines, is surely an exorbitant figure.

SAMUEL AND HIS COLT ROYAL.

A Story of the Now England Hill* and a Virginia Battlefield. The day on which I was twelve years old my father said to me: “Samuel, walk down the lane with me to the pasture lot; I want to show you something.” Never suspicioning anything. I trudged along with father, and what should I find in the pasture lot but the cunningest, prettiest. liveliest colt a boy ever clapped eyes on! “That is my birthday present to you,'* said father. “Yes, Samuel, I give the colt to you to do with as you like, for you’ve been a good boy and have done well at school.” You can easily understand that my boyish heart overflowed with pride and joy and gratitude. A great many years have elapsed since that time, but I haven’t forgotten and I never shall forget the delight of that moment, when I realized that I had a colt of my own—a real, live colt, and a Morgan colt at that! “How old is he, father?” I asked. ‘A week old, come to-morrow,” said father. “Has Judge Phipps seen him yet?” I asked. ‘ ‘No; nobody has seen him but you and me and the hired man.” Judge Phipps was the Justice of the Peace. I had a profound respect for him, for what he didn’t know about horses wasn’t worth knowing; I was sure of this, because the Judge himself told me so. One of the first duties to which I applied myself was to go and get the Judge and show him the colt. The Judge praised the pretty creature inordinately, enumerating all his admirable points and predicting a famous career for him. The Judge even went so far as to express the conviction that in due time my colt would win “imperishable renown and immortal laurels as a competitor at the meetings of the Hampshire County Trotting Association,” of which association the Judge was the President, much to the scandal of his estimable wife, who viewed with pious horror her husband’s connection with the race track. “What do you think I ought to name my colt?” I asked the Judge. “When I was about your age,” the Judge answered, “I had a colt and I named him Royal. He won all the premiums at the county fair before he was six years old.” That was quite enough for me. To my thinking, every utterance of the Judge’s was excathedra; moreover, in my boyish exuberance, I fancied that this name would start my colt auspiciously upon a famous career; I began at once to think and to speak of him as the prospective winner of countless honors. From the moment when I first set eyes on Royal I was his stanch friend; even now, after the lapse of years, I cannot think of my old companion without feeling here in my breast a sense of gratitude that that honest, patient, loyal friend entered so large ly into my earlier life. Twice a day I used to trudge down the lane to the pasture lot to look at the colt, and invariably I was accompanied by a troopof boy acquaintances who heartily envied me my good luck, and who regaled me constantly with suggestions of what they would do if Royal were their colt. Royal soon became friendly with ms all, and he would respond to my call whinnying to me as I came down the lane, as much as to say: “Good morning to you, little master! I hope you are coming to have a romp with me.” And, gracious! how he would curve his tail and throw up his head and gather his short body together and trot around the pasture lot on those long legs of his! He enjoyed life. Royal did, as much as we boys enjoyed it. Naturally enough, I made all sorts of plans for Royal. I recall that, after 1 had been on a visit to Springfield and had beholden for the first time the marvels of .Barnum’s show, I made up my mind that when Royal and I were old enough we would unite our fortunes with those of a circus, and in my imagination I already pictured huge and gaudy posters announcing the blood-curd-ling performances of the dashing bareback equestrian, Samuel Cowles, upon his fiery Morgan steed. Royal! This plan was not at all approved of by Judge Phipps, who continued to insist that it was on the turf and not in the sawdust circle that Royal’s genius lay, and to this way of thinking I was finally converted, but not until the Judge had promised to give me a sulky as soon as Royal demonstrated his ability to make a mile in 2:40.

It is not without a sigh of regret that in my present narrative I pass over the five years next succeeding the date of Royal’s arrival. For they were very happy years—indeed, at this distant period I am able to recall only that my boyhood was full, brimful of happiness. I broke Royal myself; father and the hired man stood around and made suggestions, and at times they presumed to take a hand in the proceedings. Virtually, however, I broke Royal to the harness and to the saddle, and after that I was even more attached to him than ever before—you know how it is, if ever you’ve broke a colt yourself 1.. . When I went away to college it seemed to me that leaving Royal was almost as hard as leaving mother and father; you see the colt had become a very large part of my boyish life —followed me like a pet dog, was lonesome when I wasn’t round, used to rub his nose against my arm and look lovingly at me out of his big, dark, mournful eyes—yes, I cried when I said good-bye to him the morning I started for Williamstowp, I was cshamed of it then, but not now no, not now. But my fun was all the keener, I guess, when I came home at vacation times. Then we had it, up hill and down dale —Royal and I did! In the summer time along the narrow roads we trailed, and through leafy lanes, and in my exultation I would cut at the tall weeds at the roadside and whisk at the boughs arching overhead, as if I were a warrior mounted for battle and these other things were human victims to my valor. In the winter we sped away over the snow and ice, careless to the howling of the wind and the wrath of the storm. Royal knew the favorite road, every inch of the way;

he knew, too, when Susie held the reins—Susie was Judge Phipps’s neice, and I guess she’d have mittened me if it had’t been that I had the finest colt in the county 1 The summer I left college there came to me an overwhelming sense of patriotic duty. Mother was the first to notice iny absent-minded-ness, and to her I first confided the great wish of my early manhood. It is hard for parents to bid a son go forth to do service upon the battlefield, but New England in those times responded cheerfully and nobly to Mr. Lincoln’s call. The Eighth Massachusetts Cavalry was the regiment I enlisted in; a baker’s dozen of us boys went together from the quiet little village nestling in the shadow of Mount Holyoke. From Camp Andrew I wrote back a piteous letter, cqmplaining of the horse that had been assigned to me; I wanted Royal; we had been inseparable in times of peace—why should we not share together the fortunes of war? Within a fortnight along came Royal, conducted in all dignity by—you would never guess—by J udge Phipps 1 Full of patriotism and cheer was the Judge. “Both of ye are thoroughbreds,” said he. “Ye’ll come in under the wire first every time, I know ye will.” The Judge also brought me a saddle blanket which Susie had ornamented with wondrous and tenderart. So Royal and I went into the war together. There were times of privation and of danger; neither of usever complained. I am proud to bear witness that in every emergency my horse bore himself with a patience and a valor that seemed actually human. My comrades envied me my gentle, stanch, obedient servant. Indeed, Royal and I became famous as inseparable and loyal friends. We were in five battles and neither of us got even so much as a scratch. But one afternoon in a skirmish with the enemy near Potomac Mills a bullet struck me in the thigh, and from the mere shock I fell from Royal’s back into the tangle of the thicket. The fall must have stunned me, for the next thing I knew I was alone—deserted of all except my faithful horse. Royal stood over me and when I opened my eyes he gave a faint whinny. I hardly knew what to do. My leg pained me excruciatingly. I surmised that I would never be able to make my way back to camp under the fire of the picketers. for I discovered that they were closing in. Then it occurred to me to pin a note to Royal’s saddle blanket and to send Royal back to camp, telling the boys of the trouble I was in. The horse understood it all; off he galloped, conscious of the import of the mission upon which he had been dispatched. Bang-bang-bang! went the guns over yonder, as if the revengeful creatures in the far-off brush guessed the meaning of our maneuvering and sought to slay my royal friend. But not a bullet touched him—leastwise he galloped on and on till I lost sight of him. They me for came at last, the boys did; they were a formidable detachment, and how the earth shook as they swept along! “We thought you were a goner, sure,” said Hi Bixby. “I guess I would have been if it hadn’t been for Royal,” said I. “I guess so, myself,” said he. “When we saw him stumblin’ along all bloody we allow’ed for sure you was dead I” “All blood?” I cried. “Is Royal hurt?” “As bad as a hoss can be, ” said he. In camp we found them doing the best they could for him. But it was clearly of no avail. There was a gaping, ragged hole in his side; seeking succor for me, Royal had met his death wound. I forgot my own hurt; I thrust the others aside and hobbled to where he lay. “Poor old Roy!” I cried, as I threw myself beside my dying friend and put my arms about his neck. Then I patted and stroked him and called him again and again by name, and there was a look in his eyes that told me he knew me and was glad that I was there. How strange and yet how beautiful it was that in that far-off country, with my brave, patient, loyal friend’s fluttering heart close unto mine, I neither saw nor thought of the scene around me'’ But before my eyes came back the old, familiar places, the pasture lot, the lane, the narrow road up the hill, the river winding along between great stretches of brown corn, the aisle of maple trees, and th’e fountain where we drank so many, many times together—and I smelled the fragrance of the flowers and trees abloom, and I heard the dear voices and the sweet sounds of my boyhood days. Then presently a mighty shudder awakened me from this dreaming. And I cried out with affright and grief, for I felt that I was alone.

Power of the Human Jaws.

Dr. G. V. Black, a dentist of Jacksonville, Fla., has made some interesting experiments upon the force exerted by the human jaws in the ordinary mastication of food, and also the greatest force which the jaws are capable of exerting. By means of aapring-iastruinent provided with a registering device he took records of about 150 “bites” of different persons. Of these fifty have been preserved as characteristic of the ordinary man, woman and child. The smallest pressure recorded was thirty pounds, by a little 7 year old. This was with the incisors. Using her molars, the same child exerted a force of sixty-five pounds. The highest record was made by a physician of 35. The instrument used only registered 270 pounds, and he closed it together without apparent effort. There was no method of determining how far above 270 pounds he could have gone. This test was made with the molars Several persons exceeded a force of 100 pounds with the incisors and 100 with the molars. The physical condition of the persons experimented upon seemed to have little bearing upon the result. Dr. Black is of the opinion that the condition of the peridental membranes is the controlling factor, rather than muscular strength. I Dr. Black found that, in the habitual chewing of food, much more force is exerted than is necessary.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Paris Exhibition of 1900 is to oost more and to contain a larger area of buildings than the Chicago World’s Fair. Part of the scheme for laying out the grounds consists in the destruction of the Palais de I’lndustrie and the conversion of a part of it to exhibition purposes. A curious use for a husband is reported from Clerkenwell. near London, where a Mr. Lamb and his wife keep a small shop. For fourteen years the firm has avoided paying taxes by the wife’s sending the husband to jail to serve out the legal time for unpaid taxes, while she remains at the store attending to business. It is a surprising fact, stated by Mr. Joseph Choate in a recent address. that England with her 30,000,000 of people in round numbers, does not have so many Judges to attend to her legal controversies as any one of our larger States. She finds thirty-two of the first-class ample for all her wants, while New York has 140 and Illinois 178. Dr Burggrave, of Ghent, who has passed his hundceth year, has written a book on longevity. The only way to live long, he says, is for each person to live according to his proper individuality, to select what is good for one’s self and to avoid all else. In other words, one must live as nearly as possible in harmony with his surroundings. The contented mind, the happy heart—these things prolong lite more than dieting and regular hours of sleep. Mrs. Jonathan Rowe, of South Atkinson, Me., who has been totally blind for twenty years, experienced an odd partial recovery of her sight a few days ago. She suddenly became able to see quite distinctly one afternoon about 2 o’clock, but her vision was totally obscured again in two hours. Since then she has been able to see every day between about 2 and 4 o’clock In the afternoon, but during the rest of the twenty-four hours is as blind as formerly. A glance at the list of new mills under construction throughout the country for the six months ending July 1 shows that the building of mills in the South is going on at a rapid rate. In North Carolina the building of thirty-one new mills has been begun, and costly improvements are being made upon a number of old plants. In South Carolina twenty-two mills have either been erected or are in course of erection. In Georgia the number of new mills under construction Is fourteen, in Alabama it is five, in Texas and Virginia three each, in Arkansas two and in Louisiana one.

In a letter to the London Times Bishop Tugwell, of western Equatorial Africa, says that the natives are killing themselves with drink furnished to them by the Christian merchants of Europe in return for the native commodities. On the way to a certain town, he says, he was told that the whole town was drunk, and he found it to be the case. ‘ ’Legions of bottles, ” “met my eyes on all sides; warehouses of prodigious size filled with intoxicating drinks; canoes heavily laden with demijohns of rum; the green boxes in which the gin is packed are here, there and everywhere." The Secretary of the Navy has detailed a commander and a lieutenant of the Navy to conduct a speed trial of the American Line steamship St. Louis, to determine whether she meets with the requirements of the Ocean Mail Subsidy act, calling for a maintained speed of twenty knots an hour for four hours. The officers detailed for this duty will leave New York on the St. Louis, and upon arrival at Southampton the vessel will be made ready for the trial, which is ordered to take place over a course in the English Channel on some day between August 14 and 24. The course will be 100 miles long, and will be carefully measured by the officers sent out to conduct the trial.

The farmers of the Northwest are again experiencing their customary difficulty about getting men to harvest their crops. The St. Paul and Minneapolis newspapers have reports of the scarcity o( help throughout Minnesota and the two Dakotas. An illustration of the demand is found in the statement from Adrian, in the southwestern part of Minnesota, that from 500 to 1,000 men will be needed in that corner of the State alone during the next few weeks. Good pay is offered, SBS to S4O a month, or $2 to $2.50 a day, for harvest and threshing help, and in many cases the report is that none >s to be had at these figures. One difficulty in the case is the fact that such employment lasts for only a few weeks, but another element in the problem is th 6 disinclination of men to leave the cities when they might better their condition by going into the country. The inexhaustible energy of Editor Stead, of the London Review of Reviews, appears to have found a new outlet. He has discovered that one of the wants of the modern world is a convenient baby exchange. There are families of too many children, and there are couples who have none. There are homes desolated by bereavement, and others that are rendered almost as unbearable by the influx of a superabundance of little ones. There are infants that have been deprived of their parents by death, and there are families of young ones that have succumbed to the grim destroyer. At present no medium of exchange exists that would tend to equalize the supply and demand, or to establish the balance between those who have too many babies and those who have none. Mr. Stead is convinced that an exchange of this kind, and the extension of the practice of adoption, would have the effect of alleviating much misery. In the complete Indian census report just published an interesting attempt is made for the first time to cast up in figures an aggregate of the Government expenditures on account of the red men residing within the United States since the Union was established, in 1789. The result of t>Ma Attemnt indicates A* UkSSta-

tistics presented that the gigantto sum of *1,105,219,872 was spent by the Government up to the year 1890, either upon the Indians directly or indirectly because of Indians. Counting in, however, the civil and military expenses for Indians since then, together with incidental expenses not recognized in the official figures given, it is safe to say that up to June 80, 1895, a further sum of *144,780,628 may be added to the aggregate figures, making a grand aggregate of *1,250,000,000 chargeable to Indians to date. The Indian wars under the Government of the United States are stated to have numbered more than forty, and to hove cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including about 5,000 killed in individual encounters, of which history takes no note, and of 80,000 Indians, including 8,500 killed in nersonal encounters.

By a recent decision reported in the American Lawyer, a person who signs an instrument without reading it, when he can read, cannot, in the absence of fraud, deceit or misrepresentation. avoid the effect of his signature, because not informed of the contents of the instrument. The same rule would apply to one who cannot read, if he neglects to have it read, or to inquire as to its contents. This well settled rule is based upon the sufficient reason that in such cases ignorance of the contents of instruments is attributable to the party’s own negligence. But the rule is otherwise where the execution of an instrument is obtained by a misrepresentation of its contents; where the party signed a paper he did not know he was signing, and did not really intend to sign It is immaterial, in the latter aspect of the case, t hat the party signing had an opportunity to read the paper, for he may have been prevented from doing so by the very fact that he trusted to the truth of the representation made by the other party with whom he was dealing. This is the clear-cut manner in which the Supreme Court of Alabama, in the case of Beck <v Pauli Lithographing Co. v. Houppert et al., reiterates the wholesome doctrine that a person cannot take advantage of his own wrong or negligence.

Do Fishes Converse?

Ae have heard of the language of monkeys and of the language of hens and of tho language of crows and even of ants, but it will be a new idea to most people, probably, that fishes have a language of their own. An English fisherman, Basil Field, has been making some investigations which lead him to suppose that fishes have some way of communicating a notion of their experiences to other fishes. Mr. Field carried on his experiments in the fish ponds of Mr. Andrew at Guildford, England. Those ponds are full of trout, which nt the time when Mr. Field first visited them were so little accustomed to being t roubled that when he threw a baited hook into the water all the trout in eight—a great number—rushed eagerly upon It, says the Fortnightly Review. He caught one and, removing io from the hook, threw it buck into the pond. Then he put in a freshly baited hook. Two or three trout only came after it. One of these he caught and threw it back into the water. Again he resumed his fishing with a newly baited hook, and thia time, although the pond was swarming with fish, it was only after a long time that lie lured another trout to his bait. And after a little further time it was entirely impossible to catch a trout in this pond. However, by experimenting in another pond equally well stocked, and not throwing oack any fish, Mr. Field found he could catch trout as long ns he chose. The fish did not seem to understand that the removal of one of their number by this strange means meant danger to them, butcame continually to the bait. If, Mr. Field reasons, it is only when the captured fish, released, goes back and mingles with his fellows that the danger Is learned, and then is learned instantly, it must follow that the released fish has some means of making the others understand the perils of tho hook. This, whatever it Is, may be called a •* language.’’

Fathers Must Be Careful There.

Among the Indians of British Guiana usage bids the father go to bed when a child is born, and allows the mother to return at once to her household duties. James Rodwuy's recently published book on that country explains the custom by a superstition which attaches the spirit of the child to the body of the father. The author says: “The father must not hunt, shoot or fell trees for some time, because there is an invisible connection between himself and the babe, whose spirit accompanies him in all his wanderings and might be shot, chopped, or otherwise injured unwittingly. He therefore retires to his hammock, sometimes holding the little one, and receives the congratulations of his friends, as well as the advice of the elder members of the commuaity. If he has occasion to travel he must not go very far, as the child and spirit might get tired, and in passing a creek must first lay across it a little bridge or bend a leaf into the shape of a canoe for his companion.”

Everybody Likes Her.

She is the girl who appreciates the fact that she cannot always have the first choice of everything in the world. She is the girl who has tact enough not to say the very thing that will cause the skeleton in her friend’s closet to rattle his bones. She is the girl who, whether it is warm or cold, clear or stormy, finds no fault with the weather. She is the girl who. when you invite her to any place, compliments you by looking her best. She is the girl who makes this world a pleasant place because she is pleasant herself. And, by and by, when you come to think of it, isn’t she the girl who makes you feel she likes you, and therefore you like her?

YOUNG GARFIELD.

Son of tho Late President to Enter Politics. The nomination for State Senator of James R. Garfield, son of the murdered President, has aroused a great deal of political interest in Ohio. He is a candidate from the Portage Summitt District, comprising the same counties which in 1859 elected his father in the same position. The late James A. Garfield was 28 years old when chosen, and had been married to Lucretia Rudolph but one year. James R. Garfield is nominated at the same age, and he, too, has been married but little more than a year. Another coincidence is that the

James A. Garfield, (the late President) As State Senator in 1859.

nomination came to the younger Garfield on July 2, anniversary of the date on which his father, fourteen years ago, was shot down by Guiteuu. There is, however, no coincidence in the financial condition of the father and son at the time of their respective nominations, The “Jim” Garfield of 1859 was poor. His wife was poor also, but both were well educated, and both brave in tho battle of life The “Jim” Garfield who is entering politics in 1895 is really a rich man. The generosity of the nation made his mother one of the richest women of the Western Reserve, and young “Jim” married the daughter of a millionaire Garfield the elder and Garfield the younger were both graduated from Williams College. Young “Jim” is also a graduate of the Columbia Law School, though he was admitted by examination to practice before tho Supremo Court of Ohio.

JAMES R. GARFIELD, (the son) As State Senater in 1895.

There will be no doubt of his election. und from now on there will be another “ Jim” Garfield in the politics of Ohio. He is a young man of ambitious tendencies and is very proud of his father’s name. He wishes to stand on his own merits and not to be held up for popular esteem simply because he is the son of his father. It is no secret that his ambition is to acquire legislative experience in the Ohio Senate, an.l then to take his father’s old place in Congress from the same old Nineteenth District that gave Giddings, Wade and Garfield to the nation.

Tattooed Snakes.

The sailors of the Gulf of Mexico and the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean amuse themselves, and also turn an occasional honest penny, says the Cincinnati Enquirer, by capturing both large and small snakes of the variety known as the lemon boa and covering their bodies with tattooed letters and designs. One of these living manuscripts was recently exhibited at Egyptian Hall, London, which had the whole of the third chapter of Genesis and some pieces from Punch tattooed upon his back in indelible letters of various colors. Thousands of these tattooed snakes are annually disposed of at Rio de Janeiro. The buyers generally kill these snakes and either skin them or preserve the entire reptile In alcohol. Such specimens are highly prized by both European and North American collectors of curiosities.

A Strange Suit.

According to the Pittsburg Journal, Peter Gruber, the rattlesnake king of Venango County, has made the most unique costume any man ever wore. It consists of coat, vest, trousers, hat, shoes and shirt, and is made entirely of the skins of rattlesnakes. Seyen hundred snakes, all caught and skinned by Gruber during the past five years, provided the material for this novel costume. To preserve the brilliancy and the flex, ibility of the skins in the greatest possible degree, the snakes were skinned alive, first being made unconscious by chloroform. They were then tanned by a method peculiar to Gruber, and are as soft and elastic as woolen goods. The different articles far this outfit Were made by Oil City tailors, shoemakers, and hatters, and the costume is valued at SI,OOO.