Democratic Sentinel, Volume 17, Number 2, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 27 January 1893 — Page 5

NEW DUTY ON TOBACCO

lT ROBS tHE WORKMAN, FAR'MER AND CONSUMER. The *2 Daly, Though bat Two Years Old, Has Decreased Wages, Closed Factories and Increased Prices or Deteriorated the 'txoods. The McKiniey Tariff Tree. • 1? the 53d Congress does not reduce or 1 remove the $2 per .pound d®ty ’ which McKinlqy placed on Sumatra tobacco,- it will not be because it has * not done great injury- to legitimate business and has not worked havoc to all except a few monopolists. A McKinley tree, though only two years old, is easily known by its fruit—reduced wages, closed factories, increased power to monopolists, benefits to speculators, increased prices or deteriorated goods, deception and perjury. The $2 duty has already borne all these varieties Of fruit. “There are more cigarmakers tramping the streets to-day," said a manufacturer of Havana cigars in New York the other day, “than I have ever known before.” When asked the cause he explained it by stating his own case.

“We have 1 not,” said he, “done as most manufacturers did increase the price of our goods because wrappers cost more. Here is one of our ‘Conchas Especial’ cigars, which we have sold for ssl per thousand for five years. We tried to get square with McKinley in -the first place by reducing wages. We now pay but $9 for making that $5.1 cigar, instead of $lO as formerly. Many other houses stopped paying union wages for the same reason. They were compelled to do it. -In the next place we required our workmen to cut closer. They used to use two and three-quarters pounds to wrap 1,000 cigars, now two and -one-quarter is a liberal allowance. This, of course, makes it harder for men to earn high wages. Then we pay less for seed leaf tobacco than ever before. The tobacco growers thought they were getting protection. The fact is that the extraordinarily high duty compels us to pay morq, for wrappers.— which our farmers -can’t raise—and forces us to pay-less for fillers—which they can raise.

“In spite of all these facts, we have been unable to -keep our workmen busy, and .have had to let some go. If it were not for .the McKinley duty, we could mow be employing twice as many men .and .paying them union wages, too.” This same man -who, by the way, did not wish .his name mentioned in print, in connection with reduced wages, said .that the $2 duty had not hurt him as much as it did small manufactures, nor benefited him like i-t had benefited large ones who had sufficient -capital, in 1890, with which to purchase a two years’ supply of Sumatra tobacco, before the McKinley tax doubled the price. Many small manufacturers have gone to -the wall 'because-of this duty, and many workmen are prevented from going into business because it requires so much more capital-than formerly, to purchase wrapper totacco. “The duty,” he said, ‘'protects only the monopolists .and sneculators at the expense .of small -manufacturers, workmen, farmers and consumers.” He mentioned three New York speculators who had made at least $1,000,000 by buying Sumatra tobacco before the duty took effect, and selling it a year-or two later. That this high duty has, as usual, led -to undervaluation, and perjUry and favored the dishonest importer, is evident from the statement of this manufacturer, accompanied by a wink, that-a neighbor manufacturer had actually imported 600 hales of Havana fillers; and that although tliese hales-contained,in -their centers, enough wrapping tobacco .to wrap the fillers -outside, .yet-wrapper duty was paid only on .one bale. This, said my informant, has become , the usual method of procedure.

Politicians, Take Warning.

Those who hope and itihoee who fear that the demand of flhe people for a radieal reform of itbe tariff will somehow he juggled with and ..evaded by the politicians overlook the,most impressive and most decisive.element in that demand. It is that pub- , lie wrong be righted. The economic argument against protection is conclusive, but it was no xaere.nrgument of any kind which led to the peaceful revolution of this year!* .Presidential election. Protection went down not simply or mainly because it was perceived to be economically unsound, hut because it was perceived to be politically unjust. Politicians will do well ,‘to give early and serious heed to the just demand of the people for relief from oppressive tariff taxation. Delay i« not even expedient. If there is any force in the plea that the law-made profits of certain men should not »be touched this winter or next spring, there will be still greater foroe in it a year from now. and greater yet from then on- Those mysterious “adjustments” which we are adjured not to touch will become more sacred and sinviolable with every month. If > they are to be broken up at all, ; as the country declared its wish tthey should be, the work cannot *be begun too soon. Furthermore, ;it will be extremely dangerous for any politician to trifle with a public demand which , has so strong a moral element jn it as tiaat now found in tte tariff-reform movement. "When an avalanche of that cart is loosened it never moves backward. -In 1861 Sen7t<w 'Sherman was writing his brother that the Republican party would pass no laws disturbing slavery either in the States or the District of Columbia. The clearer-sighted General told him that a war was cowing .whieft would •‘vijein all politicians.I'’ 1 '’ It did ruin all who did not make haste to- ‘ ally themselves with the moral sentiment back of the war. A similar sentiment ;is now stirring ,in the breasts of the people, calling for the speedy removal of tpe abuses aqd injustices which selfish men have.enacted into law pqder the tjame of protectiqfi, and it will be t&e ruin of all politicians who do.pot give heed to.it New York Evening Post, Dec. 5.

Democrats—Trueand False.

is a fraud,” said the Democratic platfqrm, “it is robbery of the poor by the rich,” .said the Democratic stump-speaker, Tp.aii.pf

which the 'pebplfe said “rttnen” sh a voices© loud that it 'nearly scared Republicans-out'of 'their boots. “Well, whdt ; are 'you going to do about it, ” 'now -says 'the protected manufacturer. “Surely-you-aren’t going to'stop all'the 'fraud and robbery atnaee! You will -ruin us and the country-will go to’ tbe dogs if you-do. ” “Lord,-save us from our friends,” says the 'half-fledged, weak-kneed Democratic Representative, «s he begins to’think about voting 1 to put the duty back on sugar and to leave a little, just a little, “incidental.protection”' on manufactured goods. “If protection is robbery, as the people have declared, then incidental protection is incidental robbery,”-says the stout-backed Democratic Representative, as he prepares -to vote to abolish the whole rotten system of favoritism and corruption and to lift the heavy load of ’taxation-from the hacks of ; the workingmen.

The Steel Rail Trust.

The policy of the i powerful combination of the manufacturers of steel rails has at last caused a considerable quantity of rails to be imported, in spite of the heavy ’ tariff duty. The Iron Age of the 22d ult. reports the sale of 10,000 tons of foreign rails to be delivered at Seattle for use on the Pacific coast. The price of such rails at Liverpool, free-on board, is now $19.44 per ton. The duty is $13.44. and the ocean freight charges must make the total cost-at Seattle about S4O.

The conditions which permit these rails to be imported profitably are exceptional. There are no rail factories west of the Rocky Mountains, and there is only one small one west of Chicago. Consequently, the cost of domestic rails to consumers on the Pacific Slope is largely increased by the overland freight charges. It would not pay to import rails for use on lines this side of the Rocky Mountains, for foreign rails cannpt he laid down qt this port, duty paid, for less than $36 per. ton; but the high cost of transportation, added to the high price exacted by the combination, makes it possible now for railroad companies whose lines are near the Pacific coast to save something by bringing rails from Europe by water. If prices were determined here by competition, even the high cost of overland transportation would not prevent the purchaseof domestic rails for use on the Pacific coast. But for for more than two years the domestic manufacturers, under the shelter of a duty which is 69 per cent of the selling price of foreign rails in Liverpool, have suppressed competition and have exacted a uniform price of S3O per ton at the Eastern $32.50 at the Illinois mills. In the meantime the cost of their raw material has beem reduced by $3 to $4 per ton', but the effect of the combination agreement has been to deprive consumers of any benefit on this account. This is one -©tf the most familiar examples of the manner in which a trust ora similar combination uses a high-tarilf duty as an “instrument of extortion, ” aaa the words applied to this process by the New York Tribune in an unguarded utterance. The duty is three and one-half times the difference between the labor cost here and the lapor-oost abroad, as shown clearly by Mr. Harrison’s Commissioner of Labor, and the manufacturers seized upon it as an instrument that would enable them to exact huge profits from the people, for it is upon the poo,pie that the cost of railroad equipment finally falls. The price was s® fixed by the combination that Importations for any pirt of the country except the Pacific coast would be unprofitable, am cl not until mow has it been profitable to import for roads there, for ittoe quantity of rails imported is aho«wm by the Treasury reports to have been only 433 tons in the last two years- for the whole country. A jcduction of the combination price is mow predicted.

The South Looking Up.

One of the (pleasant reflections of this Christmas is the fact that we are on the verge of better times. Everything indicates that the coming year will bring prosperity to all parts of the country. The Manufacturers’ Record, of Baltimore, has been making inquiries in all sections, and it reports the outlook as very encouraging, especially in ttoe South. All business interests in the South, the Record finds, have suffered in common with those ot other sections from the financial disturbances of 1891. Cotton growers, and along with f them a large proportion of the mercantile and banking interests, suffered from the low price of cotton. To the financial difficulties created •by the Baring failure was added the ieconomic drag of the McKinley tariff, increasing the price of articles .used by Southern agriculturists. The November election has had 'very material results from a business point of, view. There is a vivifying ifaqpe of lower prices and cheapened production when the protective tariff is reduced. The fear of inimical Congressional legislation has vanished. “Confidence,” says the Record, “.has been established, and the Souitlh will become within the next year !fJae*cene. of unprecedented . industrial ;ftnd commercial activity, not a boopa, but natural, unrestrained growth aaad progress ” The gratifying statement, is made by a well-in-formed fouasness man in Alabama that,the .fartmers of his region are out of debt and—a rare thing—“have enough to rum .them through another crop.” Jt is the general testimony that, the election* ;have made the people “feel good.” They are “cheerful and confident;"(Which means renewed effort, increased enterprise, business activity and progress—Atlanta JoornbL

Not Going to Washi[?]ngton.

•Congressman 'Walker, of Massachusetts, in his speech the other day, referring -,to coming tarif changes, said: "Now, let po manufacturer show his face jn Washingtoo under any circqmstaoces.” Mr. Walker’s diagnosis qf ,tfle times ,is .that the manufacturer’s employes will go to Washington and do the work .usuallv done by the employes, ,if the latter will leave it severely alope, •We trust that all manufacturers will heed Mr. Walked and that the pearl-button men, the tin-plate heroes, the worsted suffer. ,era, not to mention the sugar-refining .martyr? and .the trusts in general,

will Yesota'fcely away and leave the whole thing to their workmen. Then we -shall perhaps see the unwonted spectacle OT a lot of mill operatives going to Washington to beg 'Congress not to do the things that they voted in favor nsf when they went to the polls in November. For did hot President Harrison say in a 'recent letter that the election was lost because the operative would not walk under the same umbrella with his employer?—New York Evening Post.

Tariff on Raw Material.

The claim that the tariff encourages industry is nowhere more conclusively exploded than in the numerous and flagrant instances in, which we impose tariffs upon the raw i materials of our manufactures. The, tariff on raw materials—coal, iron, copper, tin, lead, lumber, wool—is not mejely (1) a tax on the laboring man, making his fuel and clothing, as well as his tools and every article of furniture, cost him more than it! otherwise would, but (2) directly reduces the profitable opportunity and demand for labor, and therefore helps to paralyze industry. As to (1) it is so well. understood that it needs but a word. The tariff enables the owners of raw materials to Charge more than they otherwise' could. If it did not, there would be no use for a tariff. The manufacturer having to pay more for his materials, his manufactured goods cost him more than they otherwise would, and he has to sell them for more to make a profit. Every suit of clothes costs the buyer more, because of ‘the duty on wool. Every tin pan costs the economical housekeeper more, every tin roof increases the rent-of the victims that are under it, every can of tomatoes or oysters Costs more because of 'the tax on tin plates. Every yard of calico costs the woman that wears it more because of the tax on dye-stuffs; every pound of paint costs more becauseof -the tax on lead; every house costs more because of the tax that is levied on the materials of which it is composed. The result of this is, that the wages of the workman are deminished —that is, he gets less goods for a -day’s work. But the seooDd effect of the tariff on raw materials is a still more se-rious-one. Even if our people alone were to be considered, it is plain that the higher the price of any article the fewer will be sold—fewer people can afford to buy it. And since the demand fqr labor depends upo.n how many goods are to be made (and not-on how much profit the manufacturer makes on each piece), it is easy to see that taxed raw materials redwee the demand for labor and the number of men employed. But this is not the worst. The high price of raw materials caused by the tariff (25 , per cent, on coal, 40 per cent, on iron-ore, 75 pey cent, on tin plates, 40 per cent, oh copper, 20 per cent, on lumber, 50 to 100 per cent, on wool) makes them cost more to our manufacturers, who, therefore, cannot make goods as cheaply as they otherwise could; and hence, cannot afford to sell them as cheaply as do the English, and Germans, who get their raw'materials free. It therefore is the English and Germans, and not ourselves, who supply the rest of the world-ah large with manufactured goods.—Mon. John DeWitt Warner.

Some Sugar Statistics.

Willett & Gray’s Statistical Sugar Trade Journal of Dec. 29 contains weekly quotations of raw and rctlned sugar -since 1882. Those who still thifflk that .the tariff is not a tax sfoouldjglanee over these tables. The price «of granulated sugar varies from 6 to 9 cents per pound, for eight years, and then it suddenly drops from 6.13,,0n March 24, 1891, to 4.50 cents on March 31. A foot note says: "About 2.cents per pound duty taken off price has varied from 4 to 4.92 cents. The price .of raw sugar (96 degrees centrifugal) dropped In the same dates from 5.68 to 3.53 cents per pound. If the trust ihad.not been in control at the time, the price of refined sugar would hx.ve .dropped about exactly 2 cents. But McKinley graciously left a duty of Deent per pound on refined sugar to onaible the trust to retain control of the .market. The tables .also show the benefits of the “economies of production” from trust*. Before the trust was formed, in November, 1887, the difference in the prices of raw and refined sugars bad .for two years averaged less than IMO cents per pound. In 1888 and 1889 it averaged 11 cents. It then decreased, while the trust was waging war .upon outside refiners until, on Jan. 14, 1892, it was only 9-20 of a cent. *The trust having completed arrangements to purchase all of the competing refineries, the difference began to increase in February, 1892. .On March 25 it crossed 1 cent; on May 19, it was 1 1-6 cents; on September 8,1 J cents; on December 29, it \was again 1 1-6 cents. It costs abontt 4 cent to refine sugar. Every difference, then, of 1-16 cent above this means about $2,500,000 clear profit toithe sugar trust. The duty of 1 cent produces no revenue to the United States, hut is worth about $20,000,00® .a year to the trust.

Price of Lead Advanced.

The Iron Age comments as follows upon a significant change <af prices: “While the deal between the National Lead Company and the linseed oil producers has been shrouded in mystery, as usual of late where concentration of interests is involved, a most suggestive move has been made in the shape of a a advance of 2.cents ,per gallon in the price of oil. Net a [particle of evidence comes from any .quarter that would point to a change 4$ ,the relation of .supply to demand as .dictating this advance, nor is the! condition of the market for crude material such as to necessitate higher figures for oil.” The .advance is probably due to the great “economies of production” which ace attained, the professors of trustism say, only by means of a combination that suppresses compe-tition,—-New York Times.

Whisky Tax.

The proposal to increase the whisky tax is the one, however, which seems to meet with greatest favor. It would please the temperance people and it would not hurt the liquor manufacturers in the least. Op the contrary, it would eprjeh them.

BANGS ARE BECOMING.

BUT THE HORRID FRIZZLE IS "ON THE LIST." The Present Bangs Are Each and All Examples »f the Survival or the Fittest— Don’t I.et Talk About Xew Hair Adjustments Bother You. Captivating Coiffures. Vew York cotsespondence:

FTEE all the talk about fillets, coronets and Greek “parts,” 1 and so on is over it •will still remain a I fact that the girl to I whom the bang is * distinctly becoming is and always will be, as she always has ~ been, a very pretty [ kind of girl. lucls dentally, she is apt ito look badly in a I Greek part. She is ' bright enough to know it, and smart

enough—the bang-style or girl is always smart—to pointedly stick to her bang, and let those who can do it, or who have not the sense to see that they can’t, wear their Grecian effects. She stays pretty in her own particular way, retaining her own dear bang. So, here ! a word about bangs. The horrid frizzle is, let us hope, gone ; forever. You may have as much or as little hair In the bang as you please, and as you can, but there must be only a little curl, and no side bang at all. That was an ugly style, too. We who wear bangs may congratulate ourselves that the present bangs are <vach and all examples of the survival of the fittest. If your hair is very thick at the forehead, you may make just a little fringe. Curve it down in the center, for now no bang is ever cut concave. Let it be a genuine fringe that shows the clear color of the skin where it lies over the forehead. This fringe is not curled at all, though of course, ft is not exactly straight. It has a turn In It. If it has it naturally, you need not bother about what sort it is, but if you have to “do” it, don’t risk more than one-half turn of the irons. The hair at the sides and top of tho head back of the bang may be waved, and for two reasons. For one, it is more dressy, end besides, if you have iput back'part of a previous bang in favor of the present fringe, you will find the hair very rebellious unless it is waved. Then, too, may be your hair is not very thick at tho forehead, in which case the waving makes it seem so.

This fringe is as becoming to-day to young girls, or to older faces that have

tike girlish look, as it ever was, ard if jvaurs is a face to which the style is beoeming don’t let the talk about new hair adjustments bother you. The girl with the bang has been much talked down. She is readily, imagined as either a school girl of the “what-der-yer-soy” type, or a most frlvolons and artificial creature. But that need not worry you. Your bang is not that kind. A thoughtful, girlish face of delicate oval wears the fringe charmingly. Such m. head dress as I have just described goes with downcast lids and wistful mouth very sweetly. Even the very prim girl suits her style of bang and looks the more quaintly prim and sweet ton it. She may not wish to adopt a Greek head-dress and a Greek part. Perhaps her hair will not part, some feair doesn’t, you know, and maybe she looks like the mischief with her hair parted. Besides, being just a quaint, prim girl, she does not want to peel her haiir straight back and look tike an uncompromising bluestocking. The hang is a happy compromise, so she cuitsaa tiny bit of fringe, then another above its end just covering the part of the first, and perhaps another still above. Each row gets its own half turn on ithe irons. There is just the needed “refllef” to the line of the brow, the owatavr of profile is softened, and the

FRIVOLOUR.

bang in no way takes from the charm of the precisely poised head and the demure coil at the back. This sort of girl'is always daintily attractive. She has a bright, clear complexion, a good figure, well rounded neck and shoulders which she is most prudent about displaying, and ehe wears pretty gowns, and all with an air, from toe top of her moderate bang to the soles of her moderate shoes, of not bothering or caring desperately about her dresses or getup, anyhow. Now, bow would that type of girl be improved by a change in her head-dress? There, too, is the pretty girl who is a bit frivolous. She is naturally and unconsciously frivolous as a butterfly is light-hewted. Would you spoil her pretty face by putting classic touches to her head and parting her hair; or would you abolish her bang and leave ber with straight back hair.' Such a girt will cut a bang away back’ to the crown of her head, thereby getting rid of a lot of hair and making the coil at the back smaller and less calculated to interfere with the graceful outline of her head. The first two or three rows of the bang are tiny short lengths, and those further back are longer, so that they will not stand up and spoil the outline. The first fringes are slightly turned by the iron, and those nearer the top of tho bead are almost straight that they may lie more clo?ely to the head. She is thus as sweet and delicately pretty as she ean be, and a Greek cotffu:e would not suit her half so well. I might go on and quote any number of types that should stick to the bang. Some women may dignify their faces by parting tho hair at ibe foiebead, but for

most of you, do not do It. Fashions are not made to adapt yourself to, they are made to be adapted to you. They are not made to rule, but to serve, and If It suits your beauty you may consider them. If not, mate up a fashion for yourself, or t ake one from some other period, or stick to the old one, like the bang, and continue looking well in your own way.

The women with long, heavy hair had better cut the lengths off. Shoulder lengthisthe most convenient. Itknotson the top easily, and is easy to keep curled and clean. Then, too, you are much more apt to have nice heavy hair when you get old, and need a few charms to help you to H\e. Abovs all, you w{Jl bo mere In the present mode. Very heavy and long hair is more of u nuisance thau anything else. There is no way or doing it up, and you can’t always be preteuding Ophelia or Judith and let it hang. What has been written concerning the coiffures ot the fashionable women is i llustrated in the accompanying pictures. It may be added that these sketches were made at the great annual Charity ball in this city, and that they are portraits of five belles of the Four Hundred, drawn from life, in the Madison Square Garden, exactly as the original girls appeared as they posed unconsciously for the pencil of the artist. Not only are the faces of this quintette of swell girls shown with truthfulness, wearing the transient expression of the momont, but feminine readers will find in the corsages a clear notion of the new styles in low-ncoked gowns, as seen at this notable yearly exhibition. The subjects of portraiture sat regally

in boxes, for the McAllisterhm '‘exclusives” make it a point to sit and beam on the assemblage at tho Charity bait, without mixing much with the affair. Tickets are sold, you know, to whomsoever will pay ten dollars apiece for them, and that makes the occasion 'miscellaneous. Our imitation aristocracy attends this annual 'bnll for sweet.'charity's sake, but neatly cannot, you know, condescend to be anything further than patrons and patronesses. We are to wear night-oups agadti. Not content with attacking out husbands and the world at, large with the'now and confusing modes of long ago, W '.are going to carry it further and wonr nightcaps. The result, mark my 'words, will be a lot of lines. Out , into the night will rush Ut le, screaming figures, with mob caps on tihelr heads, land their tresses streaming down their backs. That is the nwadenn izoodiflcrttion of the old and somewhat ugly nightcap. The modern girl has discovered 'that, the cap is merely to keep the hair smooth st tho roots, and that it is very'unhealthy to have all th-e haiiir confined. One should let the long ends down thebaok just as usual, and have the cap tied under tho chin, set back of the bang, and with a ruffle ail around the face, and a bow under the chin. No-fireman will have the presence of mind to carry -a-creature so gotten up down a ladder, or I don’t know anything of human mature. As a matter of fact., it is -of importance to keep the hair smooth at’the roots. That is, since glossy locks -ase to be the rule*

PRIM.

as soon .a* *e -cwn gut them. We shall get them by putting glycerine with whatever *'e use to waeb the hair, by washing At freq neatly and by brushing It »ad wearing a night-nap. When it comes doom to fact, between you and me, the whole thing Is got tip.as un.exausu far the night-cap. Copyright, lsrtM.

Import ant

la tine diitry of (George M. 'Dallas, formerly Uaited ■fiitates Minister to Russia, occurs a story which, as the writer remarks, illustrates the extent to which, ia monarchical countries, the most important matters lire subject to imperial whims. The incident, it should toe said, becurngd more than fifty years ago. The Empress, having writtesa a .letter to her father, gave it to a servant to put into the hands of a courier, then waiting to start. The servant, misunderstanding the order, deposited the letter in the postoftlec, and (the mistake was not discovered until five or six hours had elapsed.. In Uje meantime the regular mail for Russia, and, indeed, all western Europe, was made Wp and dispatched. As soon the Empress was told what had been done, she sent an express to command the whole mall, bag and baggage, back to St. Petersburg. About fifteen hours were lost. Everything was reopened, the Imperial missive recovered and placed in the courier’s care, and then, but not till then, the mail was allowed to resume its journey.

A Mont Remarkable Case.

A San Francisco paper tells a curious story of Mr. Watson, of that city, who understands the Turkish language without having learned it. His lather was a mi-eionary in Asia Mlnof, and died there some time before the birth of his child. Not many months after his birth his mother returned with him to this country, and died while he was vet an infant. He received a fair education, but never devoted himself particularly to linguistic studies. Not long ago he happened to be in the office of the Turkish Consul in San Francisco, when he heard some conversation going on between the Consul and some Turkish sailors. He was surprised to notice that the sounds seemed familiar to him, and, listening carefully, he found that he could understand almost all that was said. He said that it seemed as though a veil was removed from his comprehension or a new faculty added to his mind.

ENGINEERING FACTS.

The Greatest Works of the World and When Constructed. The Romans built the first dikes in Holland. In I*Bo there were 2,814 lighthouses in the world. The first coast light in the United States was in 1673. The first Kddystone lighthouse was erected iu 1758. Asphalt pavements were first laid in Paris in 1854: The diamond drill is pointed with black diamonds. The total cost of the Suez Canal exceeded £20,000,000. A tunnel between Dover and Calais was proposed in 1802. The coast survey of the United States was beguu iu 1817. Roebling’s railway bridge at Niagara has a span of 831 feet, with 50 feet deflection. The Cherbourg “digue” is 4,120 yards long, having Iwo arms inclosing the entrance. Pontoon bridges, with copper pontoons, were invented bv tho French about 1672. At the beginning of the eight eenth century all European armies had pontoon trains. The weight required toorush a square inch of brick varies from 1,200 to 4,500 pounds. Gunter’s chain, used iu measuring land, was invented by Edmund Gunter in 1006. The great aqueduct which supplied Carthage with water was seventy miles long. There was a modiieval assieiation of engineers called the “Brethren of the Bridge.” The St. Gotlinrd tunnel is nine and onefourth miles long; began, 1870; opened, 1881. The Minot Ledge lighthouse is of granite; height, 88 feet, the lower 40 feet being solid. A pneumatio dispatch tube, thirty inches in diameter, was laid down in Londonin 1861.

A light suspension bridge was built at Niagara Falls iu 1848, and removed iu 1854. In A. I). 105 Trajan built a magnificent stone bridge across the Danube 4,770 feet long.. The Brooklyn suspension bridge is 5,863 foot long, 1,505 feet central span and 135 feet high. In blowing up Blossom Rock, Sun Francisco Bay, 43,000 pounds of explosives were used. The caissons of the St. Louis bridge were sunk, ‘in one ■case, 120 feet through the sand. There irro eighty miles of tunnels in Great Britain, their total cost exceeding £6,5*0,000. A tunnel under the Thames was proposed in 1700; the present tunnel was finished in 1843. (The most noted lighthouse in the United States is at Minot’s Ixulge, in Massachusetts Bay. Tho cost of tho Union Pacific was ceS orted as $112,350,260, an average <*f *08,778 a mile. The excavation of Hell Gate reef was attended by 21,000 sounding# and 8,000 'borings. The Croton aqueduct in New York surpasses all modern engineering efforts ■of this kind.

Tho first lighthouse in Ithe Unibed ■States was built oil Little Brewster •Island, Boston, 1715. VentilaUug machines «e a 'necessity 'in coal mines to overcome the effects of -anxious gases. The Eads jetties are regard ell by engimeors as a greater triumph than the St. tiLouis bridge. The theodolite wm first constructed in '■the scyenteejutli century, by an unknown inventor. The giant statues of llameses were {placed in pontiou % rolling them along greased planks. Tho receiving reservoir# *f the Croton aqueduct have a joint capacity of 1,180,'OOO,OOO gnlktuw. Including commissions and interest, rtihe total cost of the Croton aqueduct sues $12,500,006. A railway tunnel under-the English CLannel wits projected iu 1800; charter refused by Parliament. The “digue,” or breakwater, of Cherbourg is one of the boldest engineering touts ever performed. The preliminary surveys for ithe Pacific Railroad required four seasons, and cost over $1,000,000. Cinil engineering becaihe important about ,1(550, when Sincutou began the Eddyetone lighthouse. The Great levels in East England, 2,000 equare miles, huve been recovered from the sea by dikes. Cornelius Vermuyden, the Dutch engineer, was invited to England iu 1021 to embaa.k the Fens district.

Every pontoon used in the French army weighs 1,058 pounds and lias a buoyancy of 18,075 pounds. The walk of Babylon arc said by Herodotus ,to have been 330 feet high and 100 feet thick at £be base. The Mont Ctsnis tunnel is seven and oue-balf mile* long; begun, 1857; opened, 1871, total cost, £2,000,000. The surveysof the Hoosac-tunnel were so accurate that the drifts differed by only five-sixths of an inch. Jerusalem is still supplied with water from Solomon’s Pools, through an aqueduct built by the Crusaders. The engineers of San Francisco propose to supply that city with water- from J,ake Tahoe, 150 miles distant. Westminster Bridge, built in 1750, was the first in which the foundations were laid by the aid of caissons. The Pharos light hourie, Alexandria, was built B, C. 285; hightsso feet, light visible forty-two miles. The Caledonian Canal, Scotland, is sixty miles long, twenty feet deep, 120 vide at the top and and 50 at the bottom. The day before the battle of Wagram Napoleon had a complete pontoon bridge built and floated into place. The Union Pacific lias fifteen long and a great number of short tunnels, the aggregate length being O,OCO feet. In 1792 Van Estiu invented n hollow sphere and tube several hundred feet in length, the motor power being air. Some of the Comstoek mines are so deep that no means have yet been devised to overcome the excessive heat. The Union Pacific road crosses nine mountain ranges, the highest being the Black Hills, 8,242 feet above sea level. In the construction of the Suez Canal 80,000,000 cubic yards of material were excavated by 30,000 laborers. •‘Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.” Caracalla’s engineers ''understood the principle of the siphon and employed it in some of their water works. The Rialto at Venice-, designed by Michael Angelo and erected in 1588, has k single span of ninety.eight feet, with twenty-three feet rise. The accuracy of the surveying in indent engineering is marvelous eonsid-

cring sue rudeness of the instruments. The famous bridge constructed by Queen Nitooris at Babylon, and described by Diodorous, was five furlongs long. Home was supplied from twenty-four urge aqueducts, which brought 50,000,000 cubic feet of water daily into tho city. The first tunnel for commercial purposes was executed by M. Riguet, in the reign of Louis XIV., at Bezieres, France. In boring the Mont Cenis and Bt. Gotliard tunnels, ordinary means were used first, then steam power; finally compressed air. It is estimated that by improper methods in the Pennsylvania mines, 30 to 40 per cent of the anthracite. coal was formerly lost. The Hoosac tunnel, Massachusetts, is tho longest in the United States; length, four ami three-fourths mile; cost, $14,000,000. * The Croton aqueduct is forty miles long, having sixteen tunnels and a * collecting reservoir of 3,000,000,000 gallons capacity. The Ernst August tunnel in the Hart/, mines is nine miles long, and the water it drains from the mines is used for transportation. The Languedoc Ship Canal, in France, by a short passage of 148 miles, saves, a sea voyage of 2,000 miles by tho Straits of Gibraltar.

Throe different boring machines, designed to. cut out, a central bore twentyfaur feet in diameter, were invented for use in the Hoosac tunnel. The New York obelisk was brought to this country in a specia’ly prepared vessel, the hold being opened at the bow to > admit the stone. At the present day most heavy tunnel work is done by machine drills, driven by compressed air, which also serves to ventilate tho works. Some of the English pumping ongines porfonn work equalling the raising of 120,000,006 pounds one foot high by tho consumption of otie-hundrod weight of coni. The Simplon road, from Switzerland to Italy, was built by Napoleon’s engineers, in 1807; over 40,000 workmen were employed at one time. The largest monolith ever cut in this country was quairied of granite in Missouri mu! transported to tho Easton a specially prepared train. The length of the Tay bridge which fell, 1870, whs 10,013 feet, 00 feet above tho water level, 85 spans. The new Tay bridge was begun in 188 p. One of tho first tunnels in the United States was on the Alleghany Portage Railroad in Pennsylvania. It was 1)00 feet long ami finished in 1831. Of tho whole length of the Suez Canal, sixty-six miles are cuttings, fourteen were made by dredging through the lakes, and eight miles required no labor. The Suez Canal, tho greatest work of marine engineering, is eighty-eight miles long, and reduces the distance from England to India from 11,370 miles to 7,028 miles. The Victoria railroad bridge over the St. Lawrence at Montreal is two miles ' long, dost over $5,000,000, and contains 10,500 tons of iron‘and 3,000,006 cubic feet of masonry. The auger that bores a square hole consists of a screw auger in a square tube, tho corners of which are sharpened from within, ami as the auger advances pressure on the tube cuts the round holo square. The most famous wooden bridge wan built at Sclmffhauscn in 1757, bv Grubenmann, an illiterate carpenter. It bad: two wooden arches with spans of 103. and 172 feet respectively, Tho best example of a stone bridge in the United States is the high bridge of the Croton aqueduct. Its length is 1,460 feet, the top of the purapet 116 feet above high water; there are fifteen arches, eight of which have an 80-foot span,—*. |Bt. Louis Globe-Democrat,

The Mechanism of an Oyster.

Evcry oyster has a mouth, n heart, nf liver, a stomach, besides many curiously devised little intestines and other organs, necessary organs such as would be handy to a living, moving, iutiilligent creature. The mouth is at the end of the shell, near the hinge, and adjoining the toothed portion of the oyster’s pcurly covering. This liny little apology of a mouth is oval in shape, and, although hardly legible to one unused to making such anatomical examinations, can be easily discovered by gently pushing a bodkin or a piece of blunt, smooth wire along the suiface of the locality mentioned. When the mouth is at last locate!! you can thrust your instrument through between the delicate lips ami a considerable distance towards the stomach without causing the oyster the least pain whatever. From this mouth thero is, of course, a miniature canal leading to the stomach. Food pusses through this canal to the stomach, and from the latter organ into the intestines, just as reudily as though the little bivalve wereas large as an elopbunt or a rhinoceros. Remove the shell (this operation is rather rough on the oyster, but can be done in a comparatively painless manner by an expert), and you will see the crescent, which lies just over the so-called heart. 'Fins half-moon space is the oyster’s pericardium. Within is the true heart, the pulsations of which can be readily seen without the aid of a glass. The heart is very human-like, made of two parts, one of which receives the blood from the gills through a network of reul blood vessels, the other portion contracts and drives the blood out through the body. The other organs of an oyster’s anatomy are all in the proper places and performin'* their several functions. If you don’t believe this story, examine one for yourself.—[Bt. Louis Republic.

THE BODY AND ITS HEALTH.

Rise Eari.y. —The excellence of early rising and its inspiring influence on both body and mind have been themes for the poet’s song and the sage's sermon. Early rising promotes cheerfulness of temper; opens up new capacities of enjoyment and channels of delight to which the sluggard must lie insensible. It increases the sum of human existence bv stealing from indolence hours that would be utterly wasted, and, better still, unquestionably conduces to longevity. All long livers have been early risers. Now, the habit of retiring to bed at (ate hours will hardly admit of early rising, therefore the necessity of refraining from the one in order to secure the advantage of the other. From six to eight hours are generally held to be sufficient, and no doubt on the average are so. Our sleep is regulated much by the season. In winter people lie longer, on account, as they say,of its being too dark to get up early. There is some plausibility in the reason, but the system in cold and dark weather is more prone to sleep than in light and slmny times. Invalids need generally plenty of bed rest, but they should procure it by going early to bed. There is more health and strength to be found in the practice of seeing the sun rise than in looking at it in any other part of the day.