Democratic Sentinel, Volume 13, Number 2, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 1 February 1889 — Page 3

INDIANA HAPPENINGS.

EVENTS AND INCIDENTS THAT HAVE LATELY OCCURRED. An Interesting Summary of the More Important Doing. 4 of Our Neighbors—Weddings and Deaths —Crime, Casualties and General News Notes. THE LEGISLATURE. Jan. 17.—Senate.—After the adoption of resolutions for the purchase of five dozen ehairs for committee rooms, and setting aside rooms 50 and 51 for the monumental commissioners, the roll was called and a large number of bills were introduced and appropriately referred. Among the most important were the following: For the relief of the Supreme Court; to regulate sales of intoxicating liquors; to publish State school books; to regulate the use of natural gas — prevent its waste. House.—A large number of bills were introduced and referred. Jan, 18.—Senate.—The Senate adopted practically the same rule which was adopted in the House a few days ago, cutting off all debate or speeches after the previous question has been put. There was a sharp wrangle over the matter. The Republican minority fought desperately to prevent its adoption, but only one Democratic Senator voted with them. Another and equally important new rule was adopted at the same time, providing that if the presiding officer of the Senate refuses to put a motion or is dilatory in doing so, any two Senators may call upon the Secretary of the Senate to put the question to vote. House.—No business of importance was transacted. Another large batch of bills were introduced and referred. January 19.—Senate—A resolution was offered to amend the Constitution so as to provide for the election of not less than five nor more than nine Supreme Court Judges. House—A bill providing that counties shall pay the cost of prosecuting criminals was referred to another committee. January 21.—Senate—A number of bills were introduced, one providing for the study of the effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics. House—A resolution instructing the Committee on Temperance to report a local option bill was tabled. Resolutions were offered providing a constitutional amendment relating to the terms of county officers, and for the enforcement ment of laws pertaining to returns of property for taxation. A bill was introduced to appoint separate Boards of Trustees for the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb asylums. January 22.—Senate—Bills passed: To change the time of holding court in Posey County; for night schools in certain cities. Bills introduced: To prevent blacklisting of discharged employes; to prevent the trapping and killing of quail; to amend the free gravel road repair act. The Governor’s nomination of Barnabas C Hobbs, of Parke County, as trustee of the State Normal School for four years’from May 1,1888, (appointed by Gov. Gray), was confirmed. House—Sills passed: To authorize the burial of ex-soldiers by counties at an expense of SSO; requiring traction engines to give notice of their approach; ceding to United States jurisdiction over certain lands; to legalize acts of notaries public whose commissions have expired, or who were ineligible; to appropriate SIOO,OOO for the State Normal School; to amend Sec. 4,369, R. 8. of’Bl, in relation to schools; for the establishment of township libraries. Bills introduced: To open and maintain highways; relating to the exemption of cities from liability for costs; authorizing township trustees and trustees of corporations to levy taxes and provide a general system of common schools in cities of 30,000 inhabitants; relating to members of military organizations wearing their uniforms on the streets except under orders: relating to the appointment of special deputy sheriffs. January 23. —A long discussion arose in the House over a resolution requiring the Auditor of State to appear before a committee and state whether he paid out any money to Lieut. Gov. Robertson, and if so, out of what fund it was taken, and by what authority it was paid. The resolution was adopted by a party vote. A bill was introduced making twenty-five years a life sentence in the State prison and reformatories. A bill to punish “White Cappism” was favorably reported. A resolution was offered providing for the appointment of a committee to ascertain whether Hon. Green Clay Smith, late presiding officer of the Senate, had not ■overdrawn his account. Lost. A bill was introduced prohibiting the teaching of German in the public schools.

Minor State Items. —Thomas Peters was thrown from a buggy and instantly killed near Logansport. —Hobart, Lake County, having voted to be incorporated, will elect officers June 21. —Eugene Swihart, brakeman, fell from a freight train near Valparaiso and was killed. —James Stoops, a farmer, unmarried, was found dead in his bed from heart disease at Connersville. ; —Fred Eisenhart, while hunting near Connersville, was seriously injured by the accidental discharge of a gun. —Thomas Peters, a farmer of Jackson Township, Cass County, was thrown from a buggy and instantly killed. —Lafayette will annex Linwood, a suburban town, an election to that effect having been carried by a vote of twelve to. one. —lt is estimated that 8,000 bariiels of oil recently leaked, near Crown Point, from the pipe line. Forty acres were flooded. —The authorities at Lafayette have refused to allow any more public funerals of persons who die from infectious diseases. —Patrick Murray, a brakeman on the -Chicago and Indiana Coal road, while coupling cars at Brazil, fell and was instantly killed. —James Hancock, one of the oldest settlers in Clinton County, died, aged 82. He has been totally blind for twenty-five years. , —A couple of hunters, who went to a lake near Decker, to shoot geese, were startled upon their arrival by the discovry that the entire lake was on fire. —The Waterworks Trustees of Logansort have decided to sink wells in order to get a purer quality of water. The source of supply at present is Eel River

—Samuel Andrews' barn in Milton Township, Jefferson County, was consumed by fire, together with three horses, two cows, and a lot of hay and corn. Uninsured. —Patrick Colgan, a pioneer of the Wabash Valley, and a resident of Miami County for over fifty years, also a prominent and wealthy farmer, died of cancer, aged 80 years. —Charles Hodlett, a miner, was awarded $7,750 damages, at Brazil, in a suit brought against the Brazil Block Coal Company, for injuries sustained by falling into a shaft. Mrs. Allison Breedlove, an aged lady of Monrovia, took a large swallow of concentrated lye, mistaking it for vinegar. Her throat is terribly lacerated, and her life is despaired of. —An Anderson glutton has wagered S2O thatihe can eat four pounds of hog’s liver every evening, between 6 and 7 o’clock, for forty consecutive days. He has commenced his disgusting task. —ls the window-glass trust carries out its decision in closing down all the Western factories, it will prove a blow to Marion and Kokomo, in throwing out of employment hundreds of men at both places. --The introduction of natural-gas in Shelbyville, has had a stimulating effect upon the industries of that place. Several furniture factories are in course of erection, and other enterprises are under way. —A man representing himself as a drummer for Fox Bros., of Fort Wayne, has been making collections for the firm in Goshen and surrounding towns. He is said to have made over SI,OOO by the swindle.

—Carl Stickelman, of Columbus, the African explorer and trader, will return to Africa iu a few months, being under a promise to bring back the African Prince now with him, whose uncle is chief of one of the tribes. —At Lebanon, Thomas Breedlove’s 12-year-old boy Williard, while hunting, discharged a gun that had been overloaded by his companion. It burst and injured the boy’s left hand so badly that amputation was necessary. —Martin Houseman, of Elkhart, lighted a fire with the assistance of gasoline from a can, the contents of which exploded and terribly burned both Houseman and his wife. Houseman’s recovery is doubtful. —lt is surmised that the Spanish coin recently, found neSr Hanna were left in the jar in the tree by some one of the Spanish troop which came to that region in 1781 from St. Louis, Mo., to seize the country for the King of Spain. —Owing to the dullness of the coal trade, some of the Coal County mines will shut down indefinitely. Many of the miners are scarcely making half time, and a number have already left the vicinity of Brazil, for Birmingham, Ala., and points in the West. —Two very large hogsheads, each containing about three thousand pounds of leaf tobacco, raised in the west part of Morgan County, were shipped from Martinsville to Indianapolis parties. This is said to be the first baled tobacco ever sent out from that county. —Considerable excitement has been occasioned at Rockport over a White Cap warning received by the grand jury. The notice, which was prepared in the usual style, was tacked over the door of the grand jury room and warned the members of that body to “walk straight or git.” —A most singular death of a young man, Clarke Stanley, occurred at Shelburn. One day recently he was on his farm chasing a cow with a fence paling in his hand. One end of the stick struck the ground while his body was thrown against the other. He was punctured in the groin so severely that he died in a few hours. —Columbus business men are discussing the feasibility of constructing a canal from Driftwood River to the city. Its length would be four miles and it would cost SBO,OOO, but as the fall is about eighteen feet, it would give fine water-power and, as they believe, would be an inducement to manufactories in the absence of natural gas. —Mills Woods, one of the pioneers of Portland, was killed by the Lake Erie and Western express, three miles west of that city, while driving a horse attached to a cart. At the crossing of the Blaine pike, the engine struck the cart, and Woods was carried some distance on the engine. He lived but three hours. The horse escaped unharmed. —A few weeks ago Mr. J. E. Thomas, F. W. Kritz, J. L. Roberts, and William Conner were engaged by Mr. Clay Jarvis in the erection of a barn on a farm south of Waveland.. They were all taken sick within ten or twelve days from the time they commenced work. Mr. Thomas died, typhoid fever being the cause of his death. It is believed that the water in the well from which the men drank was impregnated with typhoid fever germs. —The thirteenth annual exhibition of the Northern Indiana Poultry Association will be held at Huntington, January 30 to February 5, and the assurance is felt that it will be a grand success. Promises have been received from prominent poultry raisers in »New York, Virginia, Michigan, Ohio, and Missouri, of their attendance, while letters from the State indicate great interest in the show. A number of new specimens of poultry will be exhibited never before seen in that section of country.

VANCE’S LITTLE POEM

A Night Session of the Senate Enlivened by a Pungent Rhyming Effort on the Beauties of Protection. [Washington special] The talk on the wood schedule was resumed, and the Senators at once became very belligerent. Vest, of Missouri, was the Democratic champion, and was joined by Eli Saulsbu'ry and others, while John Sherman did most of the talking for the Republicans. Sen tor Vance set colleagues and spectators in a io ar by reading in splendid style the following pastoral, which ha said was entitled, “The girl with one stocking; a< protective pastoral composed and arr. nged for the spinning-wheel, and respectfully dedicated to that devoted friend of protected machinery and high taxes, the Senator from Rhode Island, Mr Aldrich:” Our Mary had a little lamb. And her heart w m most intent To make its wool beyond its worth Bring 56 per cent But a pauper girl across the sea Had one small lamb also. Whose wool lor less than half that sum She’d vlllmgiy let go. Another girl who had no ebeep, Nor stockings—wool nor flax— But money just euoush to buy A pair without the tax, , Went to the pauper girl to get Some wool to snield her feet, And make her stockings, not of flax, But both of wool complete. When Mary saw the girl’s design She straight began to swear She’d make her buy both wool and tax Or let one leg go bare. So she cried out: “Protect reform I Letp.uper sheep wool free! If it will keep both her legs warm What will encourage me ?" So it was done, and people said, Where’er that poor girl went, One leg was warmed with wool and ono With 56 per cent. Now, praise to Mary and her lamb, Who did this scheme invent, To clothe one-half a girl in wool And one-half in per cent.

All honor, too, to Mary’s friend, And all protective acts, That cheaply clothe the rich in wool And wrap the poor in tax. The reading of this piece of doggerel was received with shouts of laughter, even Republican Senators leaning back in their seats and giving unrestrained way to their mirth. As for the peoph iu the galleries, they screamed and yelled frantically, and when Senator Vance sat down kept up their uproarious applause until the North Carol na orator gravely inclined his head in acknowledgment. Mr. Vest offered the following unique petition from one of his constituents: Tc the Senate of the United States: 1. Henry S. Chase, a resident of St. Louis, Mo., in behalf of myself and other dentists of. the United States who may think as I do, respectfully ask you to arrant a bounty of $1 on each tooth tilled by dentists for the preservation of those teeth in order to encourage an honest industry, and thereby encourage competition among dentists, which will lower prices to patients, and, moreover, encourage immigration of dentists from all parts of the world to this country, thereby making a better market for all the agricultural and other products of home industry; the cash tor this purpose to be taken out of the general Treasury of the United States for the purpose aforesaid.

The Republican Tariff Bill.

It is a blessing for the country that the measure driven through the Senate, according to programme, and designed ostensibly to reduce taxation, will not become a law. It has scarcely a redeeming feature, and has as many iniquities as could be stuffed into it. It could not have passed even the Senate—which has a stomach that can stand almost anything monopolistic—if it were not for the knowledge of Republican Senators'that it could not and would not be assented to b r the House. There would be no more crestfallen men in the country than the Senators who fathered the bill if by any possibility the country were compelled to pass under its yoke, and the Republican party generally would be in a state of the deepest dejection. The policy in framing the bill was to put in everything the fat-yielding monopolists asked. On the wool schedule—which was artfully postponed until the last hours—there was an irreconc lable difference between the protectionist woolgrowers and the protectionist woolen manufacturers; and the only way the protectionist Senators could devise to “even up" things was to increase the tariff in many instances on both wool and woolens to an extent hitherto unheard of, the result being a schedule which gives satisfaction to no one, and which, if it went into effect, would do serious harm to the woolen industry of the United States, and be necessarily injurious to the wool-grower, although the tariff on raw wool is increased, for the prosperity of the woolen manufacturer is essential to that of the wool-grower. Possibly some Republican Senators are of the opinion that it was a good idea to load their bill with outrageous impositions, having in mind the possibility of a compromise bet ween Senate and House on the basis of splitting the difference between the Senate bill and Mills bill. If this were the idea they have overshot the mark by the monstrosity of their proposition, and have rendered it almost certain that nothing will be done at this session of Congress in the way of reducing taxation. If the bill had been framed with honesty of purpose—if, instead of making a special effort to throw cheap sops to every protected interest, the sentiment in the country for tariff reform had been in the least regarded—there might be ground for hoping that some adjustment of the tariff would be made before the final adjournment of the Fiftieth Congress; but the Republicans in the Senate have cut their way. We have charged that the measure is a dishonest one, and that Republicans themselves would not dare give it to the country if it represented accomplished tariff legislation. The truth of this will appear when the Republicans, who will have a majority in both houses of the next Congress, attempt to legislate on the tariff question on their sole responsibility. They will not dare to indorse the measure which the Republicans in the Senate have just passed.— Detroit Free Press.

Not Good in Morals.

The plea that Dudley is not guilty because there is no proof that anybody I yielded to his temptations, may be good : in law; but in morals it resembles the plea

set up by ths famous Ju Ige-Advocate Swaim, that the sentinel who tried to kill Guiteau by firing into the window of his cell was not guilty of any crime because Guiteau was not in the line of fire, and could not possibly, owing to his position with respect to the window, have been leached by the bullet. But then, argumentation of this sort does not hold water in churches and Sunday schools. Gen. Harrison has b en, we believe, a Sundayschool Superintendent or teacher, and Dudley, we understand, is now. Neither of them, we are sure, teaches the children that the moral quality of a design 1 or intent depends on success or failuie in carrying it out.— New York Evening Poet.

“In Blocks of Five.”

The instructions of the court with regard to that Dudley letter let the Indiana politician off with a badly spotted reputation.—Pittsburg Dispatch (Ind. Rep.). People who remember CoE Dudley’s “blocks of five” are finding a coincidence in the fact that Gen. Harrison is just 5 feet 5 inches high.— Louisville Commercial (Rep.). Judge Woods of the United States Court at Indianapolis has decided, upon reflection. that there are no flies upon Col. Dudley. Let the bourbons rage and let the mugwumps imagine a vain thing. Judge Woods is right.— St. Louis GlobeDemocrat (Rep.). Dudley’s high crime hat been twice perpetrated on Indiana, and to-day he finds favor at the hinds of a Federal Judge which makes him a hero. Shall such conduct go unrebuked? If so, the boasted glory of a republic is but a name. Lafayette Journal (Dem.). J udgeWoods practically admits the charge against Dudley when in oi der to prevent his indictment, he says that the mere sending of a letter “containing advice io bribe voters or setting forth a scheme for such bribery, however bold and reprehensible, is not indictable.” New York Times (Mug.). Republican politicians about town are talking in a boasting way about “Judge Woods' nerve.” There is no question that Woods has nerve. It took nerve, and a good deal of it, to do the thing he did Tuesday. But it is the kind of nerve that honest men do not envy him.—lndianapolis Sentinel (Dem.). Dudley gets off through a defect in the law, and not because he isn’t guilty of the offense charged. The Indiana Legislature now in session is likely to pass a State law that will not let offenders of the Dudley type slip through its meshes so easily, but for the present Dudley can snap his fingers at a prosecution. —Philadelphia Times (Depi.). The question for the court to decide related simply to the technical guilt of the writer of the Dudley letter. For the rest we have to say, ns we have a rid before, that the Republicans of Indiana are in no way responsib'e for it, and that it did not figure in the campaign except as a club for the Democrats. If the letlerwas intended 4o conn el and advise bribery, it was never acted upon. The R. publicans of Indiana were not open to snch advice, nor under the necessity of resorting to such methods. They carried the State fairly and in spite of Democratic frauds. —lndianapolis Journal (Rep ). The latest news from Indiana indicates that «Col. Dudley will escape indictment. This is greatly to be regretted. Of course the politicians of both sides have been engaged in this crimin il traffic in votes, and the fact that the Republicans had by far the greatest amount of money this year enabled them to do the largest business. It is also true that the worst element among the Democrats are most open to bribery, and hence that party suffered severely. It is time for good citizens to lay aside the thin devices of campaign times and face the distressing fact that bribery and corruption prevail to an extent that threatens the very existence of the i epublic itself, and to agree on methods of reform. Springfield (Mass.) Republican (Mug.),

The Salt Duty.

The defeat of the attempt to tike off the odious duty on s rit by the solid Republicanvote in the Senate is on I,' one more proof of the servile state into which the party Leaders have fallen. There is no possible justification for the duty, even from the point of riew of the extremist protectionists. The proof is complete, from salt-makers themselves, that there is no danger of foreign competition in their trade, that with free salt they would hold their markets at even lower prices than they can now get. and that the only men in the business who have anything to fear are those whose methods or resources are unequal to the production of salt as cheaply as it can be made elsewhere in our country. Years ago, before the industry was as firmly fixed as it now is, some of the same Republican Senators who voted for the salt tax were convinced that it was intolerable and labored to abolish it. But that was in the days when protection was held as a rational theory and when the course of its supporters was not dictated by a greedy band of combined monopolists. It was a time when Mr. Sherman and Mr. Dawes and Mr. Allison were not blind to the disgrace of a system unequaled for stupidity save in Turkey and Egypt, and unsurpassed for its corrupting influences even there.— New York Times.

No Excuse for It.

It is estimated that the fresh fish trade of Buffalo amounts to 1,000,000 pounds a week, and that three-fourths of the fish marketed come from Canadian waters. If the duty on fresh fish voted by the Senate should become a law, the Government would collect from the Buffalo trade an average of about $2,500 a week. This would be added to the retail price of the fish and would come out of the pockets of consumers. At a time when the Government does not deed this money, why should it be thus exacted faom the people, and especially from workingmen? And why should this tax be put on an article of food that has been on the free list for of er a quarter of a century? It is an imposition that has no reasonable excuse.— Buffalo Courier. The Senate stood nobly up to the declarations of the Republican platform. What do Republican tariff reformers, who voted for Harrison in the delusion that tariff reform would be best off in the hands of Republicans, think about it by this time? Fat for fat is the business principle of the protected interests, and the United, States Senate has come down handsomely.

THE TROUBLE AT SAMOA.

WHITNEY’S INSTRUCTIONS TO ADMIRAL KIMBERLY AT PANAMA. WiU Protest Against the Su'Jugation of the Native Somoan Government by Germany— History of Germany’s Scheme to Gain the Islands. [Washington (D. C.) special.] The account of the outrages upon Americans in Samoa and the insults offered the American flag by the Germans hns been read here with aosobing interest, and the strongest indignation is expressed against the course of the German Government iu suffering the outrages to be perpetrated without an instunt effort to punish their authors. The outcome is likely to be some tree expression of the sense of both houses of Congress. A. San Francisco telegram states that the United States men-of-war Vandalia and the Trenton have started for the islands. It is believed that six weeks will be occupied by the Trenton and Vandalia in making the run to Samoa, Thus the Nipslo will be the only vessel representing the United States Government at those islands from this time until after the 4th ot next March. The Trenton sailed from Panama about a week ago, but the Vandalia is a faster vessel and will take a more direct route than the Trenton and will probably reach Samoa übout ns soon as the latter ship. Troubles have existed among the Samoans since 1860. In that year the German Commercial and Plantation Society at Apia, or. rather, its predecessor, the firm of Godefroy. of Hamburg, stood on the side of Malietoa. a chiet belonging to one of the most distinguished families of Samoa. Throughout the succeeding twenty years the foreigners who settled in Samoa— Americans, English and Germans—sought, by taking sides with or against Malietoa, to strengthen respect for their respective nations, and thereby increase thelc commerce. In 1878 the United States, whichi had previously obtained a concession of a magnificent harbor in the Samoan Islands and established a coaling station there, made a treaty with Samoa. The local government In 1879 being in a state of great confusion. Sir Arthur Gordon, as Queen Victoria’s Commissioner in the Western Pacific, established King Malietoa firmly on the throne and issued a proclamation. This proclamation was followed by a treaty with Malietoa, dated Aug. 18, 1879. In the same year Germany also made u treaty with Malietoa. The treaties entered Into between the United States, Great Britain. Germany, and Samoa were treaties of friendship and reciprocity, agreed to for the purpose of promoting the trade*which American, English, and German merchants hud gone to the remote Samoan islands to establish. It was understood and agreed upon among the treaty powers that the independence and neutrality ot these islands should, be forever preserved. While America and England have remained consistent to the treaty obligations, and have recognized Malietoa as the legitimate ruler, the policy of the Germans has been a wavering one In the autumn of 1886 a German named Brandeis appeared in Apia. The public was given to understand that ho was in the service of the German Commercial and Plantation Society. Among the employes of this firm, however. It was known that he had been selected to be the Minister ot Mulletoa’s rival, Tainasese. Brandeis nt once begun to study local conditions, and worked at times at the German consulate, mode himself familiar with the business and social relations of Apla, and then went to the home of Tamasese, in the immediate vicinity of the great cotton and cocoa plantation ot the German Commercial and Plantation Society. There a house was built and furnished by this society for Brandeis, and there he stayed, without it being publicly known, as the adviser of Tamaseso, and perfecting himself in the Samoan language. Tainasese and his adherents were then amply supplied with arms and munitions. At the beginning of 1887, within a brief period, hundreds of muskets were sent through the German Commercial and Plantation Society and through Brandeis to Tamasese’s party. A little later a German fleet of four or five ships was at anchor In the harbor ot Apia. Four days later the German Consul wrote to Malietoa complaining that German settlers had been attacked by the natives on March 22 of that year, and that from time to time -UlirjjJg. 4.1)9 previous four years the Germ An plantations*" had been damaged to the amount of thousands ot dollars a year. A heavy demand for compensation was made , for the damage to the plantations, without a single item of particulars being given to the Samoan King. The monstrous demand was made that the sum claimed for compensation should be paid the next day— a demand which, in such a country It was practically impossible to meet. The King wrote, promising an answer in three days, and the reply given by the German commander was the landing on the next day of 700 troops from his squadron, and the issuing of a proclamation in the name of the Government of Germany, declaring Tamasese King of Samoa. At the same time Malietoa was deported, first to Hamburg, then to Bremerhaven, was lodged and boarded under police supervision at Lehr, a suburb of Bremerhaven, and then was taken to Australia on board the steamship Neckar, by a German naval officer. The native opposition to Tainasese, or to tließrandeis-Tamasese Government, as it is called, reached its climax on Sept. 9,1888, on which date they crowned Mataafa, a legitimate successor of Malietoa. King of Samoa, with the title of Malietoa, Tooa Mataafa. Notices of this event were nt once sent to the American, English, and German consuls, the French priest, and to Tamusese. Mataafa is still at the head ot the Government, and is doing all in his power to keep it out ot the hands of Tamasese and his German allies. The position of the United States to-day is contained in the following instructions which Secretary Whitney telegraphed to Admiral Kimberly at Panama on Jan. 11: “You will at once proceed to Samoa and extend full protection to American interests, citizens, and property. You will consult with the American Vice Consul, examine his archives, and otherwise inform yourself as to the situation and all recent occurrences. You will protest against the subjugation of the native Samoan Government by Germany as in violation of positive agreement and understanding between the treaty powers, but inform the representatives of the British and German Governments of your readiness to co-operate in causing all treaty rights to be respected, and in restoring peace and order on the basis of a recognition of Samoan rights to Independence; endeavor to prevent extreme measures against the Samoans.” The coprah trade of Samoa seems to be the cause of all the present trouble. Coprah, the dried kernel of the cocoanut, is the staple commodity of the Samoan Islands, as it is of all the islands of the Western Pacific. In 1885 the exports of this article for German account were estimated at the value of $222,742. The competition of four American houses has greatly irritated the German traders, their profits being thereby much decreased.

Shot His Wife.

Mrs. Sallie Preston, nineteen years old. living at Germantown. Pa., was fatally shot by her husband while nursing her baby, 'ealousy is said to have been tbs cause.