Democratic Press, Volume 1, Number 45, Decatur, Adams County, 22 August 1895 — Page 2

Democratic Press. DEl'ATtli. IND. Democratic Press CO.. - Publishers. As to that indemnity perhaps Japan would be willing to take a part of it out in washing. Prof. Garner's search for the ape speech may throw some light on the monkey's opinions concerning that famous fight. Heretofore profane history has alone recorded the impressions of the parrot, America has at least two irrepressible conflicts in sight. One is in process of settlement in Cuba, and the other relates to the fact that Canada is made up of 3,428.265 Englishmen and 1.404,974 Frenchmen. “Are We Losing the West?” is the title of a new pamphlet that has appeared in Boston. The answer is in the affirmative. What was called the West Is now the center, and. in fact, rapid transit is playing the dickens with all of our points of the compass from Sitka to Key West. The typewriter has made great inroads upon the business of ink makers, and they bale been obliged to go into gift enterprises to retain trade. One of these concerns displays an imposing array of glass inkstands, which is given to those who purchase a quart of ink. though why one should need inkstands when they do not need ink is not very clear. The coming man in Turkey is Turchan Pasha, the new Foreign Minister, who has had a remarkable career and Is in high favor with the Sultan and the Grand Vizier. He was educated In France, and his wife is one of Turkey's rare “new women.” At her husband's official receptions she stands by his side nnveiled, dressed in the latest European style and wearing eyeglasses. Professor Wiggins, the Canadian weather prophet, says that Niagara Falls will run dry at some near period In the future. But this is not a much wilder prediction than that of the scientific and commercial bodies at the east, which express fears that the Chicago drainage channel will draw the water away and leave the lower lake harbors dry. Wiggins is not without rivals as a phenomenal scientific crank. The “bicycle face” of anxiety or despair is never seen on the boys who have learned to ride the wheel. Little chaps with smiling faces may be seen riding gracefully and easily without a sign of any disturbance of spirit. Those who acquire a thorough knowledge of the art of wheeling in their early youth possess a great advantage over the people who take their first lessons In It after the muscles have hardened, When the mother of M. Max Lebaudy sought to throw his fortune into chancery until he had arrived at years of greater discretion, his advocate urged a plea on his behalf that decided the French tribunal in his favor. He contended that the government had no right to interest itself in the preservation of colossal fortunes, and asserted that the racecourse was an important economic factor in helping to dissipate them for the benefit of the community. I it is the theory of not a few naturalists that the increase in insect pests that plague the farmer and horticulturist is due to the slaughter of birds. In the Arnold Arboretum, near Boston, where birds are undisturbed, sixty-six varieties have taken up their home, and among .the number are many orioles and thrushes. If State legislatures were so constituted as to be of any account. they would give attention to the conservation of birds and other useful animals. ■ ■ ■ - .11. 11l In a certain degree there is a historic continuity in England's foreign policy, through all changes of party. There is more of it. for example, than there is In the United States, so far as the United States can be said to have a foreign policy at all. Still, even in the matter of foreign policy, a transition from Libera! to Tory Government will Invvolve some divergence. The Tory is a strong government man in external as well as In internal politics. Ho has more swagger amt truculence than the Liberal, hangs oh to old conquests more firmly, and seeks new ones more earnestly. He was a jingo long before that term in its political aspect was invented. Venezuela, Brazil. Nicaragua and the other Latin American countries in whose neighborhood England owns or claims territory, would do well to keep this change of government in Great Britain in mind. An incident occurred in New York the other day which is of some interest as an illustration of the enrichment of the American blood by immigration. Giovanni Bianchi, an Italian barber, sent Frank James, an American boy, to get some clothes from the Chi nese laundry of Gee Lee. The boy tendered Gee a 50-ceut piece, which the Chinaman pronounced "countefllet.” and kept, along with the clothes. When Bianchi was informed of this mishap he undertook to chastise the Chinaman. In the course of this proceeding he became involved in a controversy with Satebro Zebro, a Greek, who kept a coffee stand, and drew a razor on him. Zebro threw a bottle of pepper-sauce at Bianchi, who dodged, and the bottle struck Abraham Leibovitz, a Russian Jew. An Irish policeman named Malloy arrested Zebro. who was taken before Justice Voorhis, a magistrate of Dutch descent, and fined three dollars.

The case thus happily settled Involved seven nationalities, one of which, remarkable as it may seem, was the American. In the next hundred years all these races except the Chinese may be happily blendetk but the resultant ■ type can hardly lie exactly the same kind of American that we have known in the past. And while the blending process is going on, the national dlgesttion may expect to be preceptibly strained. The newspapers give indications that Brazil threatened to go to war with Great Britain rather than surrender the island of Trinidad, which has Just been seized by the latter country. The island is little more than a bare rock lying in the South Atlantic about I.OUO miles southeast of Rio de Janiero. It was taken possession of in the year 1700 by Great Britain, but was regarded by Portugal as one of her transatlantic possessions, and when Brazil was separated from Portugal thk island of Trinidad was ceded to the new em- i pire. Great Britain had ceded back to , Portugal the island before the separa- j tion of Brazil from that country, so I that the claim of Brazil to the island | is rather well established. For more; than a century the island lias been a sort of no-man's land, and is of no ■ benefit or value to Brazil as a possession. What has given it a temporary ; importance now is that it is needed for • a station for a submarine cable being . constructed by English parties to the , Rio de la Plata, to connect Montevideo, ' in Uruguay, and Buenos Avres. in the Argentine Republic, with Europe. Bra- j zil has never occupied the island, al- | though she has a right to do so, and its ' only importance or value to Great Brit-, ain is for a telegraph station. It is ; likely that some arrangement will be i made for the use for which it is want-I ed that will be satisfactory to both governments. Nations have passed the period when they go to war about trifles. “An amusing farce,” is the expression applied to the late great Indian I campaign, by one of the officers who were dispatched to the front. No doubt ; it was an amusing farce to the officers , and soldiers who were sent on a sum- | mer's camping trip at an expense of between $50,000 and SIOO,OOO to the ! country. And perhaps this is not too I large a price to pay for the soldiers’ I outing and for the delectation of the particular public that dotes on sensational newspaper reports of fake Indian wars. But it was a decidedly sorry farce in its effect upon the dignity of our government Antonio Apache, the educated Indian attache of Columbian Museum in Chicago, was sent with the expedition as a newspaper correspondent. and his letters are very droll. After stating that the command had encountered a 15-year-old boy carrying the Jackson's Hole mail over the mountains, and that the boy had seen two unarmed. Indians within a week, he remarks: “The campaign against Indians, in which five companies of the Eighth United States Infantry and four troops the Njutt Cavalry are engaged. promises to be the most memorable of the Indian campaigns in the history of the country, for as the scat of the reported trouble is neared it be comes more and more evident that there are no Indians to be fought, and there Is not a man in the expedition who expects to hear a hostile gun fired.” At the same time there came a dispatch from Governor Richards, of Wyoming to Washington alleging renewed danger to settlers in the Jackson's Hole district, and calling for the Indians to be sent home to their reservation It will be noted that the Governor telegraphs from a point no nearer the scene of danger than Cheyenne.

The big crops which may now be quite safely counted upon west of the Mississippi will go far towards relieving the pressing embarrassments of many lines of railroad. Word comes from the Northwest that to take care of the wheat crop of Minnesota and the Dakotas the roads will be able to provide 50,000 cars. They say that more than that number will be needed, but they hope to get along without an actual car famine. In this pert of the West there is not so much wheat, but the enormous yield of corn in sight gives assurance that the transportation lines will have all they can do. There has been a great deal of idle rolling stock constantly on hand for the past three years, and the business of the roads has suffered to such an extent that about one-third of the operatives have been without employment as well. The natural result of this has been that there has been close times in every town having the distinction of a division terminus, and repair shops have been running on short time with greatly reduced forces. Coming along with the shipment of the new crops will be a largely increased demand I for railroad labor. Old bills will be I paid up, money will begin to circulate i where it has been almost unknown for months, and better times will set In both from the good fortune of the farmer and the cost made necessary by getting his products to market. Much of the money paid out for grain and for the labor of carrying it away to the consumer will return in the railroad earnings through the transportation of merchandise which will be again in good demand throughout thi favored region. So there is a good prospect that there will soon lie a better feeling in railroad circles as well as among all other classes, and the cities will come in for their share of the benefits. System Needs Cbaraging. “This here system," moaned Dismal Dawson, “is all plumb wrong. Why is It I rise to ask. why is it that the very fellers that ain>'t got no warm houses to sleep in is the ones that hasn't got no clothes to keep the wind off ?”—lndianapolis Journal.

UNDER A NEW TARIFF. OUR FOREIGN COMMERCE AND BUSINESS REVIVAL. Late Treasury Returna Serve to Gild the Commercial Horizon—Wool Sales Under Free Wool —Emancipation of lowa—Republicans Changing Base. Outlook Is Bright. The treasury returns of our foreign trade for the fiscal year ending with June 30 last gild the commercial horizon with welcome light and will help to silence the few “calamity howlers” that are left. In the last twelve months the exports of domestic merchandise from the United States amounted in value to $793'.553.018. and with our | exports of foreign merchandise to a total of $807,693,000. For the same period the value of the imports was $731,960,319. From these figures it will be i seen our exports of domestic merchandise in the last twelve months exceeded our imports by $61,592,699. Republican journals and politicians have been recently raising a great outcry about the multitudinous imports. We were told that the country was being flooded with foreign goods, and this was attributed to the wicked Wilson tariff, which, it was alleged, had given the foreigner control of our home markets. The official returns prove conclusively that the Wilson tariff has not unduly flooded the country with foreign-made goods. Had our imports exceeded the exports (as those of England and other prosperous trading countries have uniformly done for a long series of years) it would be easy to show that this excess does not by any means necessarily indicate a loss to the nation. Few popular delusions have been more absurd than that of the so-called "balance of trade,” which no reputable economist now adheres to as a criterion of commercial prosperity. But even if this old and exploded Bourbon fallacy is to be retained, it is much too early for its advocates to seek to turn it against the Wilson tariff. For so far the treasury returns show that after nearly one year of the operation of the lower tariff, with its free wool and other raw materials, the United States still has a "balance of trade” of $75,732,000 in merchandise In its favor. These statistics are also highly encouraging in other points of view. I They show that the lowering of the I tariff in August last, while it relieved ' the country of a large burden of "protectionist" taxation (for the benefit of trusts and monopolies), has not injured American manufacturing industries. but, on the contrary, it has stimulated them by inducing a healthy competition and giving our manufacturers free raw materials.—New York Herald.

Helping Its Owners. “This is not a time for strikes for higher wages,” whines the pretended friend of the workingmen, the Philadelphia Manufacturer. Os course not. The time for strikes was when McKinleyism was closing factories, throwing thousands of men out of work and making I strikes, such as the great Carnegie | strike of 1892, useless as a protest i against reduced wages. This is the I state of affairs which the Philadelphia I high tariff organ wishes to see restored, and in the meantime it tries to prevent I the American workingmen reaping the ! full benefit of Democratic good times. I by pretending that conditions do not warrant wage advances. But the workers themselves know better. They know’ that over a million men and women have had their wages j increased from 10 to 15 and 20 per cent j since the Wilson tariff was adopted. They know that the period of trade depression which under a high tariff filled the country with idle men, ready to j take the places of striking workmen. ! has gone with the tariff policy which ■ caused it. They know that it is the wonderful business revival caused by the Wilson tariff which has started up factories and mills, thus relieving the labor market of the hosts of unemployed. They know that the only time } when strikes have any chance of success is when men are in demand, and that if employers are now readily yielding to the requests of their hands for more wages, it is because they know that in case of a strike they could not fill the places of the strikers. These are some of the tilings which the workers have learned by long experience. And they are not likely to cease striving for the highest possible wages which trade conditions will allow, merely because the avowed organ of the manufacturers warns them against believing that prosperity has returned to the country. Thanks to a Democratic Congress. we are no longer living under McKinleyism, and workingmen nowhave a chance of getting their share of the results of a liberal trade policy. Unsatisfied Protectionists. When the Democratic Congress put burlaps, a kind of bagging largely used by American farmers and exporters, on the free list, the monopoly organs howled about the flood of cheap foreign burlaps which would pour into this country. A yearns experience under the new tariff shows that the increased demand for burlaps, owing to the general revival of business, has advanced prices. Now the protection organs are complaining because, as they allege, the foreigner is putting up the price of burlaps, and the New York Press claims that “This is exactly the result which protectionists predicted." Some people never can be satisfied, and the high tariffites are of that kind. Had the price of burlaps gone down the Press would have abused the Wilson tariff, and wailed over the ruin of our infant burlap Industry by foreign pauper labor products. Now that prices have gone up, that paper blames the

placing of burlaps on the free list. No matter what the result may lie. the partisan Republican organs' policy is: , "Abuse the Wilson tariff.” Emancipation for lowa. The Democratic nominations and platform are received by the Demoi crats throughout lowa not only with satisfaction, but also- with a degree of i enthusiasm which gives something like ian assurance of victory. lowa is not ! altogether lost to the cause of good I government and honest polities. The Republican ring that has ruled lowa for thirty years has combined more elements for misleading, abusing and terrorizing the people than any similar combination that ever held sway in a Western State. It has mingled fanaticism with corruption—has joined hypocrisy in its platforms with profligacy in the administration to an extent that has not appeared in any other State under the rule of either party since the ' Union existed. lowa has been governed for three or four decades not by civilized law. by the courts and by the officers of the State and the municipalities. It has been ruled by fanatical public opinion in the various communities of the State. A small majority—perhaps not a majority, but a vigorous and malignant minority—has upheld a reign of proscription. of social and political ostracism, of oppression and tyranny, that has formed a cruel travesty on free government. A reign of terror, enforced by false moral reformers, by systems of espionage and social outlawry. has prevailed in the lowa communities until it has become intolerable. The Democratic platform and candidates promise emancipation to the people of lowa. The election of the Democratic candidates will abolish the rule i of proscription and terrorism. It will clothe the people in liberty. It will give back to every citizen his constitutional rights. It will reinstate in their manhood the voters who have been robbed of their rights and immunities through two generations of fanaticism and of social and political despotism. The Democrats promise to lowa a deliverance. Their victory, or even a great reduction of the Republican majority, would be the dawn of a humane and general jubilee.—Chicago Chronicle. The Imitation Might Not Imitate. Republican prophets, who a little while ago predieted a “walkover” in the next presidential election with a McKinley. a Reed, a Harrison or some other high tariff champion, have begun to assume a more cautious tone. Misgivings are expressed at the same time by shrewd Republican politicians in regard to the expediency of nominating as a candidate for the presidency any of the men who have been closely identified witli the McKinley act and of thus destroying the industrial peace by reviving the tariff agitation. In this situation it would not be surprising if the Republicans should imitate the example of their whig predecessors, who discarded their high tariff champion. Henry Clay, in 1848, and nominated a fortunate soldier in Gen. Zachary Taylor. —Philadelphia Record.

Wool Sales Under Free Wool. The tariff reformers argued that free wool would increase the demand for the home-grown article and advance the price. Wool has recently gone up 2 cents a pound. When the sales of the foreign wool in the Boston market were 440,000 pounds, as under McKin- , ley's tariff, the sales of American wool were 1,840,000 pounds, but when the , foreign sales advanced to 3,884.400 pounds, the sale of our own product reached the great total of 7.477.000 pounds.—Rome (N. Y.) Sentinel. Good Prospect of Victory. The enthusiasm and harmony that prevailed in the lowa Democratic convention augur well for the success of the admirable ticket put in nomination. The Republicans have atoned in a measure, it is true, for the blunder they made in monkeying with prohibition, but they are still so tainted with the popular distrust that in spite of their numerical strength lowa is good fighting ground for the Democracy.—Detroit Free Press. f Peace in Sight at Last. The Republicans up in Pennsylvania have become so mad that when an attempt was made to make capital for Mr. Quay by springing his military record several party newspapers declared that a man's military record cut no figure in politics. When Republican newspapers begin to talk In this fashion It is safe to infer that we have about reached the close of the war. Washington Post. The Difference. The Commercial says: “Every tariff duty for revenue only is a tax. No protective tariff is a tax.” Every tax on imports is a tax on the consumer, Whether it is a revenue tax or a protective tax. The difference is that the revenue tax is collected by rhe Government, while the protective tax is collected by the protected manufacturer. —Louisville Post. Changing Their Base. Attacks on the Wilson tariff are becoming less frequent in Republican newspapers, and the proposition to make the tariff the main issue next year has not been heard recently, even from Mr. McKinley. Indicates a Successful Campaign. If there is any one thing that indicates a successful Democratic campaign next year it is the constantly increasing good times, brought about by Democratic tariff legislation.—Ottumwa. la., Democrat Not the Right Species, In view of Republican disinclination to grant the negroes any privileges other than that of voting, we infer that the g. o. p. elephant is not of the African species.—Salt Lake Herald.

making flags. NOVEL INDUSTRY AT BROOKLYN NAVY YARD. Though Our Flag Looks Easy to Make, Yet Such Not the Case ..Foreign Ensigns Difficult to Fashion, Almost every flag that floats from the mastheads of our men of war is made in the flagreom of the equipment department in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. There are a few flags made at the -Mare island yard but the majority of them are made here. Before the equipment of a war vessel is complete she has to be p,o tided with the flags of every nation in the world. Her flag locker will contain over 290 ensigns of different sizes and nationalities. Ihe American flag is made in eight sizes, ranging from the huge No. 1 to the little boat flag, No. 8. The No 1 size is very rarely made, as few vessels are provided with spars sufficiently lofty to enable them to be used It is 36 feet long and 25.9 feet in width, or. to use the naval expression, it has a 86-foot fly and a 28.9-foot hoist. The regular flag which is commonly used is the No. 2, which lias a 27.19-foot fly and a 14.35-foot hoist. All vessels carry this size, but the cruis< Brooklyn and Minneapolis are the only ships which carry No. 1. The Columbia, however, has recently been supplied with a No 1 flag, which she used at the Kiel Canal ceremony. In flag making seven colors are used —red, white, blue, green, brown and orange yellow, while canary yellow lias been recently added to the list. Foreign navies have discarded white as a color in (signaling, and have substituted canary yellow. The United States Navy lias recently followed this example, because it lias been found that white biends in some way with the horizon, and at any distance is invisible. (Jn the floor of tho main flagroom are countersunk little brass plates, which mark the different sizes to which flags must be cut. This wag an invention of .Master Flagman Crimmins, and obivates constant measuring witli a tape line. Most of the foreign flags are cut

by means of zinc pattern, some of the designs being very difficult. There are also a number of triangular brass plates in the floor which are used to mark out the signal flags and pennants. Chalk lines continuing from the plates show the accurate dimensions of the desired pennant or code flag. The most difficult flags to make are those of San Salvador and Costa Rica. In the first named all the seven colors are used, and in the second all except brown. Brown is used for bronze, which is the usual color of crowns and imperial insignia in foreign flags. The recently adopted Japanese flag is an extremely difficult one to make, though the old one was one of the easiest. Japan’s new naval flag consists of a red sun on a white ground, while from the sun red beams radiate to the extremities of the flag. No ray is of the same size, and the proper proportion is difficult to keep., The old flag was merely a white ground with a red circle in the center.

China has also considerably changed her flag. The new dragon is far more fantastic than the old one. and he is represented as about I to swallow the red sun. The intricate designs in some of the foreign i flags were formerly painted, but it was found that, unless in constant use, the paint cracked. At present ' the designs are all made by colored 1 bunting. Os course, no shading is possible, but the result issur| r.s'ngiy good from an artistic point of view, while at the same time the flag is more durable. After a flag has been cut to size, it is put together by women in the sewing room and afterward taken to another room, where it is “headed.” This process consists in attaching a thick band of white duek to the hoist, or part next the mast, and through the lines and attachments i by which the flag is handled. The i flag then goes down to the storeroom, where it is kept until wanted. In making flags for our navy 50,000 yards of bunting are annually used. The bunting, which is of a fine quality,- is subjected to very severe tests before it is finally accepted. There must be thirty-four threads to the incii, and an inch of the fabric must ! be able to stand a strain along the warp of thirty pounds. There is a curious machine in the i flagroom for making this test. A piece of bunting two inches wide and containing sixty-eight threads across the warp is fixed by a clamp at either end. One ciamp is firmly attached to a table, and the other is hooked onto the short end of the arm of a lever. By means of a little winding gear a heavy weight is run along the°lever arm until a pressure of sixty pounds is exerted. If the strip of bunting stands the strain it is accepted so far as strength is concerned. The color test is also severe. After being vigorously scrubbed with soap and water the bunting is exposed to direct sunlight for a considerable period. If no signs of fading show the bunting is accepted. There is a minimum of waste in cutting the stripes for the American flag Ihe part left over after cutting stripes for a No. 2 flag is used for a smaller flag, and that left over from the smaller flag does for one still smaller, and so on. Though our flag looks rather easy to make, yet such is not the ease The principal difficulty lies in the union withits galaxy of stars. Emigration from Ireland i 8 sa .id now have auuk to lowest ebb macs’

I INDIAN WARRIORS. An Ex-Soldier Considers Comanches the BravestThe police officer who participated in this struggle is one of the bravest men in the department, in fact, during his experience as an Indian fighter he was awarded a medal for bravery. “That campaign was the hardest I ever went through,” he said recently, in relating the incidents of (he fight. “We began to run short of provisions on Sept. 1. and at that time they put us on four hardtack a day. We expected to meet Gen. Terry in that country, but wa miscalculated, and starvation stared us in the face. The day of the fight we got just a cracker and a half apiece. “We subsisted principally on horseflesh. and ns soon as one of the horses was shot down we would cut away the meat while the animal was still quivering. We had a cavalcade of played out horses that seemed good for" nothing but food. We couldn’t get a move on them to save our souls . but when they heard the first Indian yell they moved off like a lot of 3 year olds. Every night we slaughtered twenty-five head of them. The meat is not bad; it’s a good deal like beef, only a little sweeter. We had no salt or pepper with which to season it, but we used powder, taking it out of our cartridges. We carried no t en ts —in fact, had nothing beyond what we carried on our backs. We i finally reached tiie Belle Fouche fork of the Cheyenne River on the 17th of I September, and on the 18th marched on to White Wood, in the Black Hills. We got supplies the.’e from Dead- ; Wood. “I believe that the Indian most to be admired is the Comanche. He’s nothing but game, knows nothing but fight. And be can fight, too, I tell you. Right after him I rank the Soux Indian. No, sir, they're not thieves, they’re fighters. They ue not very good shots., If t were 1 believe they would be better than the soldiery. We had a Sioux guide once, and the weather was way down below zero, 30 or 40, per haps. That kind of weather wasn’t i extraordinary at all. We were wrapped and bundled up and had the heaviest kind of boots on. The ■ Indian wore nothing but light moccasins, and when we offered him i something warmer he refused to accept it ■■ 'How can you stand the cold?’ I , asked him. *’ ’Me all face,’ was his rejoinder. •He meant by that, that just as the face became inured to the cold, so did other portions of the bodv. But you can’t do much witli the Sioux. I remember when the government built cottages for them they didn't know what to do with them. They were in the habit of sleeping on the ground in the open air. Finally ; they led their horses into the coti tages and themselves bunked as usual out in the field. “In the engagement of which I have told you we wounded a certain Indian most desperately. His entrails were hanging from his body. He coolly clapped his hand over the wound, and without a tremor stepped out among the soldiers without a word, but witli an expression on his face that spoke plainer than words, and which indicated that death hud no terror for him. They are the gainest of men,l believe,and only one other tribe compares favorably with them. ”

Odds and Ends. Grand Haven, Mich., has a citizen, 94 years old, who served under the great Napoleon. England imports $3,000,000 worth of potatoes every year There are ten newspaper editors in the British House of Commons, six printers and three stationers. It is claimed that no tree has yet been measured which was taller than the great eucalyptus in Gipsland, Australia, which proved to be four hundred and fifty feet high. In Mexico, and Spain as well, judge, jury and lawyers all smoke in court, if they wish to. while a case is being heard. Even the prisoner is not deprived of his cigar or cigarette. King James I bought of a Mr. Markham the first Arabian horse ever owned in England. The price was £SOO. He was disgraced by being beaten by every horse that ran against him. A German has invented a chemical torch which ignites when wer it is to be used on life buoys. When one is thrown to a man overboard at night he can thus see the light and find tlie buoy. An original kind of wed ling took place in a little village in Surrey, England, the other day. Bicyles and tricycles took the place of carriages, the bride and bridegroom leading the way on a "bicycle built for two ” The roots of ivy, dug by the m untaineers of North Carolina and Tennessee, are sold for $lO and sl2 per ■ ton at the railroad stations, whence they are shipped North to be turned into door and bureau knobs A concrete bridge having a clear span of 164 feet and 26 feet wide was recently constructed over the Danube at Munderkingen, in Austria Stone is scarce and dear there, while good cement is produced in large quantities. W hen pins were first invented they were considered so great a luxury as not to be fit for common use. and the maker was not allowed to sell them ■ in an open shop except on two days i of the year, at the beginning of Jan- , “ary-