Decatur Democrat, Volume 34, Number 36, Decatur, Adams County, 28 November 1890 — Page 11

INDIANA TRULY GREAT AS AN AGRICULTURAL AND A MANUFACTURING STATE Concluded from First Page.

Increased 60,901, while the number ot work oxen decreased 31,125. -The number ©f milch cows Increased 379,086; the number of other cattie increased number of swine increased 957.M1, while the number of sheep decreased 41,360. The total increase of live stock since 1850 was 2,588,743, and the total number on hand in 1900 was 7,488,092 head. Cereal Products. Enough, so far has been written to- establish the fact that Indiana is not only a great agricultural state, but for its area one of the most important, If indeed It Is not the largest producer of farm products of any‘state In the union, with a large acreage o’s land yet to be subjected to tillage. Upon any reasonable estimate of food per capita Indiana Is capable of sustaining a population of 10,000,000, and even then might have a surplus for feeding less favored people. And this Is by no means an inflated estimate of the farm products of the state,, as the following exhibit of the products ©f cereals fully warrants the estimate;

T ® a> _ -- xJa js js js -J-a Tear. ft; Z » -» , -® r a o 3 £ 3 « s <-• 3 S 3 ga Sa haoo . k r p — T 77 45.483 149,710 52.964.363 5,655,014 78.792 6,2’4.458 iSXi 382.245 396,989 71.5«8<919 5,317,831 4.13.495 16.848.29? iX -.... 356,202 80.-51 51,091,538 8,590,9-09 457.408 27,774.223 tSsO $42,286 89,707 115,482,200 15.599,508 303.105 47,281,853 igj) .... 267.925 48.051 151.246,804 36.801,186 499,112" 31,357,099

Tn th® foregoing exhibit (the statistics of production for 1899 being taken from the report of the Indiana bureau of sta- ’ tlstics) it is shown that since 1850 the ~increase in the product of barley has been 222,442 bushels; the production of » buckwheat has decreased J 01,689 bushels; the increase in the production of corn has been 98,282,4-11 bushels; in oats, 26,146.172 bushels; In rye, 420,820 bushels, and the Increase in the production of wheat in 1899 as compared with 1850 was 25,142,641 bushels. But after all it la difficult to grasp * the sum total of Indiana’s farm products. If we taks the average product of cereals for the census years a© tabulated wo have the following result of production In forty-nine years: ® Com 4,593,332,600 bushels Oats '. 820,-159.360 bushels Hyo 21,412,000 bushels Wheat 1,381.396,950-bushels - Grand total: 6,819,600,850 bushels < • The more Indiana as an agricultural State is studied the more captivating the subject becomes. But space forbids inviting elaboration. Nevertheless, there are statistics relating to Indiana’s farm products, which, though in the popular estimates deemed of minor importance, are sources of immense wealth. As for , instance, take the production of timothy and clover hay, Irish and sweet potatoes, poultry and eggs, milk, butter and ’ cheese arid numerous other articles. The product of Indiana'farms and. sum totals of value are of surprising magnitude. The report of the Indiana bureau of statistics for 1899 shows that during the year tho 'production of timothy and clover hay amounted to 3,215.426 tons. If Valued at $lO a ton these crops for 1899 would represent wealth to the amount Os $32,154,360. The production of Irish potatoes reaches 5,441.672 bushels, adding, probably, $.’,720,836 to the wealth of the State. There was also produced 135,560 bushels of sweet potatoes, 979 tons of broom corn, 791,135 gallons of sorghum syrup, 11,891,464 pounds off tobacco, 144,533.666 gallons of milk. 31,905,140 pounds of butter, 1,083,403 pounds of cheese 1,211,702 dozens of poultry, 39,069,760 dozens of aggs and 4,631,177 pounds of wool. In addition to these Items there are* the truck farms and their products to bo considered, of which there are no statistics available but deserving a place In tho sum totals of production of Indiana’s farms—all going to demonstrate that the agricultural Interest ot Indiana outstrips all other enterprises and must always be In the ascendency. "Then what of the farms? Do .the na- - Alons Inquire? And what’s tho response that comes from the fields. Where the sun and the rain with farthers conspire To make the earth proud of the stores that she yields? . - The voice of the wheat, and the voice of the corn. Mellifluous as tho songs of the spheres, Have been heard in all time, since the diluvlan storm, Baying: .Seed time and harvest shall coma with-tht* years,’ While God’s covenant mows the stormclouds adorn. While the rivers shall roll their floods to the. sea, The’song of . the wheat and the song of !■ tho corn, Rehearsing Jehovah’s eternal decree, Shall hush into silence tho nation’s alarms By extolling the. blessings of farmers and f,-irm«." Manufactures. ■ During recent years Indiana has made rapid strides In manufacturing enterprises, and Is becoming justly noted as a manufacturing state, but not In the -'’Sense that tho product of Its factories equals the product of Its farms. But it may bo said that tho farm and the factory mutually aid tho state In its march of progress and prosperity. To get the factory and the farm in close proximity promotes tho welfare of . those Interests and achieves the largest measure of success attainable. Manufacturing Increases population, and. therefore, increases the demand for food products which the farms supply. „ Growth of Enterprises. In 1810 ninety years ago, when the In-

*Neuronhurst* V ■’ The Dr. W. B. Fletcher Sanatorium Co., after fifteen years of experience, have found the necessity for separating those cases of Nervous Diseases which have no mental complication from those having psychical derangement. To that end they have purchased a commodious residence on E. Market-st., ten squares east of the soldiers’ monument, and fitted It up with every modern appliance for th© exclusir© treatment of nervous diseases of Women. Th© location Is all that can be desired for health and quiet. ■

diana territory had a population of 24,000, its manufacturing establishments included. al! told, 33 grist mills, 14 sawmills, 3 horse mills and mills. There were 18 tanneries and 28 distilleries. 1,256 looms and 1,53 d spinning-wheels. The number of grist mills, or, more properly, flouring mills, has Increased, and the horse mllL has disappeared, as also the old-fashioned loom and spinning wheels with which our grandmothers and greatgrandmothers were familiar, and with which they manufactured the cloth that supplied all domestic demands. Those were the days of small things in the history of manufacturing in Indiana, antedating the Introduction of the steam engine and other appliances In manufacturing which have revolutionized industrial affairs and astonished the world. The increase of manufacturing enterprises in Indiana, particularly during the past fifty years. If not marvelous. Is something akin to the extraordinary. Beginning with 1850 we have data showing conditions for forty years, down to 1891, and, assuming that the increase between 1880 and 1890 was maintained be-

tween the years 1890 and 1900, the sum totals were as follows: '

. - 5 £ § s »* s« T ~ '1! * iI £ i U II il ! it It r > $ 1850 4.692 | 3 7,750,408 | 13.748 j < 3,728.844 $ 13369,7)0 I * 1860 5.323 18,431,121 20,563 6,318,335 27,142,507 1870 11,847 52,952,425 I 64,412 ”.366,292 63.135,096 108,017,278 1.880 . .Jl,l9’| 65.742,902 62.012 2 ! 960.888 100.202.907 148,202,441 1899 ] 79.433.379 124.549 56.719.976 150.H9.106 286,119.1(16 19ut> 18,510 | 93.693,856 ] 179,59*) 81,539,164 169,035,305 304.035,771

In the foregoing ©au|Ri|t ft Is shown that in fifty years? f¥rmrSßso to 1900, the number of manufacturing establishments Increased 8,818. But the increase In the number of-establishments does not necessarily indicate an increase in product, since the tendency is to absorb the smaller establishments by those having a larger capital, resulting In a larger production. The increase of capital during the fifty years, as shown by the exhibit, •was $86,923,454. The increase iq the number cf employes was 165,842; the Increase in the amount of wages paid- was $77,810,320; the increase in the value- ot raw materia! was $149,725,805, and the Increase in the product was $285,319,348. Lack of Data. It Is unfortunate that there Is no legal authority In the state by which the capital invested In manufacturing enterprises can bo obtained, and this is equally true of every other Item In our manufacturing Industries, As an Illustration, take the article of glass. In 1880 the United States Q census reports give four establishments, having a capital of $1,442,000, and having a product valued 1 at $790,731. In 1890 the census reports twenty-one establishments, but the compendium to, which we have access does not give capital. The product,' however, is given at $2,995,409. There are now known to be in eighty-five glass manufacturing establishments, that number having been Inspected by the Indiana department of inspection in 1900, giving employment to 12,532 persons. But there is no data available showing capital invested, nor of annual product. If It were admissllde averages based upon data supplied by the United Stales census reports the elghty-five glass factories now In operation In Indiana would represent capital Invested amounting to $30,642,500, and an annual product amounting to $16,803,075. While It Is not assumed that such figures are accurate they nevertheless indicate, upon a conservative basis, the magnitude x of the glass Industry of Indiana. A Forest State. It has been elsewhere stated In this article that Indiana 13 or was a forest state abounding in hardwood timber that had to be cut down and burned to make clearings for farms. As the years went by and manufacturing Industries increased In number and Importance these hardwood forests increased In value, and have added indefinitely to the wealth of the state by being transformed into lumber for manufacturing purposes too numerous to mention. The saw-mills are ceaselessly at work, and there are hundreds of establishments engaged In the manufacture of articles requiring the hardwood lumber such as the forests of Indiana supply. It is used in the manufacture of furniture of every description, and has made Indiana one of the great furniture manufacturing states. It is used In the manufacture of every description of vehicle, agricultural Implements and cooperage, giving a product In 1890 of more than $18,000,600, the lumber produced In 1890, the latest available data, being valued at $19,964,293, and for 1900 would probably reach $25,000,000. Hardwood Concerns. Os these hardwood manufacturing e» tabllshments. Including saw and planing mills, but exclusive of furniture, chairs, vehicles and agricultural Implements, 351 establishments, employing about 9,000 persons, were inspected during the year 1960, but data relating to capital Invested and annual product -is not furnished by the department of inspection. If this could be secured it would add millions to

the statistical reports of the wealth e< th© state. And this is all the more desirable because the raw material which supplies the factories Is chiefly. If not entirely, the product of Indiana’s forests. There are in Indiana, as shown by the census of 1900; 300 incorporated towns and cities having a population of I,2HLZ3. ranging from 113, the smallest, to 169,164, the largest, and in nearly all of the smaK towns there will be found sotns narawood industry, if nothing more than the. manufacture «if baskets. Take for instance the town of Alfordsville, in Daviess county, having a population of 204. There is a planing mill and an establishment which produces hickory dimension stock, the two enterprises employing sixteen persons. the significance of the statement being that in all of the smaller towns and cities of the state a considerable per cent, of the population Is engaged In manufacturing enterprises. As a further illustration of the the fact of increase of industrial enterprises in the small towns, the town of Gilman, in Madison county, with a population of 200, has a window glass factory and a saw-mill, employing „ sixty-two persons. Inspection of Factories. The state factory inspector, the Hon. D. H. McAbee, in his report for 1900, shows that 130 towns and cities were visited. including the largest centers of population. and 1.537 factories were Inspected. leaving 170 towns to be visited, which, being the least important in population, are not likely to add more than 1,000 manufacturing establishments to the number reported in 1900, giving a total of 2.537 establishments. But it is shown by the United States census of 1890. that there were in the state that year 12,354 manufacturing establishments, employing 124,340 persons, yet the state factory Inspector’s report for 1900, giving 1,557 establishments as inspected, and employing 130.240 persons, shows that in 1900 these factories gave employment to 6,900 more persons than were employed by 12.354 establishments In 1890. It becomes difficult to reconcile such statements; indeed, they cannot b® harmonised. Hence the necessity. if the public would know the extent of the manufacturing enterprises of the state, the capital invested, the number

of persons employed, the amount paid for wages, the value of raw material and their annual product; that the legislature should confer authority upon some one to obtain the information. Natural Gas. The discovery of natural gas In Indiana about 1885 gave st tremendous impetus to manufactures in the state, particularly In that section known as the "Gas Belt,” which includes the counties of Delaware, Madison, Hamilton, Jay, Hancock, Blackford, Howard, Grant and Randolph, having an aggregate area of 8,185 square miles. This natural gas, because of Its great superiority as a fuel, brought to the state several hundred manufacturing enterprises requiring the Investment of many millions of capital, besides adding many thousands to the population of the state. These establishments embrace a wide range of articles, the more Important being glass, tin-plate and Important iron products. As a result, what is known as the "Gas Belt” has become one of the most extensive manufacturing sections of the entire country. Exhibits could be mutllpUed showing the diana’s manufacturing enterprises, but in the absence of reliable data for 1930 jthe elements of conjecture make conclusions unsatisfactory. The best that can be done Is to assume that there are now in Indiana ■’3,510 manufacturing establishments, emplSving 179,190 persons, paying out annually >31,539,054 for wages, consuming annually raw material valued al $160,035,305 and having a product valued at $304,035,771. The figures submitted relating to„ Indiana’s manufacturing enterprises in 1960, while they are reasonable approximations, manifestly are below tjie high water mark of the state’s manufacturing industries. That Indiana is making rapid strides toward greater eminence as a manufacturing state is admitted on all hands, and even now some of the products of Its factories, such as agricultural implements, carriages, saws, engines and other articles have entered the foreign trade of the country, aro offered In the remotest outposts of the nation’s commerce, and if we are to credit current reports, more capital Is coming to the state seeking Investment In manufacturing enterprises. The Outlook is cheering In the highest degree. Scientific farming Is taking the place of old methods. Manufacturing enterprises are bringing the consumer of food products close to the producer. The home market is becoming -more and more important. And In a word the rank of Indiana as a great agricultural and manufacturing state admits of no controversy and Is assured beyond peradventiire. »The New Telephone Companies. Os all the financial enterprises ever undertaken In the state of Indiana, none other have had the phenomenal success that has attended the Independent telephone companies. By “independent’’ is meant the companies In opposition to the Bell monopoly. ® The largest of these companies, are the New telephone company of Indianapolis, which is local to the city of Indianapolis and Marion county, and the New long distance telephone company, which has, for its territory, the entire state, and now has connection with about 41,000 telephones. Both of these organizations are owned and controlled by Indiana capitalists. The Investments have proved, not only satisfactory, but very profitable, to the gentlemen responsible for the enterprises. The telephone, as a public utility, has come to stay. These Independent companies are giving to the citizens of the state, what they never would have had, or could have had, through any other agency. The people realize this, and are supporting them magnificently. = Investments in independent telephone properties are becoming extremely popular. The movement has spread so rapidly over Indiana that the whole state may now be said to be completely covered. The New long distance telephone company has contracts, with companies 'n the states north, south east and west of us, and expects, within the next four months, to be connected with Pittsburg; within the next nine months, with New York, and, within the next twelve months, with Boston. It expects connection with St. Louis and points'West, within six months, and will be connected with Cleveland-and Detroit and points intervening within the next four months. When this is accomplished every farm«er, who has an Independent can talk to any of these points, from the privacy of his own home. He m.ay put his ear to the markets of the world any time he likes, and keep in the closest pqsBlble touch with the doings of humanity, the world over. Willing to Compromice. •'. From the Chicago Record-Herald.. I “I think,” said the amateyr palmist, slanting the maiden’s hand toward th© light, in order to see the lines mor© plainly—"l think you are going to ba married twice.” t “Oh, dear,” ©he ©aid, "can’t you Justl At off the think and mak© it a dead sure once?”

MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA —— — ——— Concluded from First Page.

money. On the other hand, a country rich in raw material, but without natural fuels, remains a country or agriculturists and shepherds, with an unskilled laboring class— usually an aristocratic, landowning class and a low-scale, unskilled laboring class. The coal deposits of England made the foundation of a great industrial and commercial nation. Pennsylvania early took the lead in industrial enterprises in the United States for the same reason. It has been demonstrated that it Is cheaper to haul the Lake Superior iron ores to Pittsburg than to take the Pennsylvania fuel to the Iron regions of Minnesota and Michigan. While the Lake Superior regions have the greatest and cheapest iron ore deposits in the country, they have not created any. great industrial centers, but the natural resources of those states go to maintain Industrial centers of states that have the fuel, such as Pennsylvania and Indiana. The chief industrial centers of Colorado are not In the gold and silver shining districts, but they are in proximity to the coal deposits of that state, where the smelting plants are located,- for it was demonstrated by actual experiment that it was cheaper to haul the ore dow u to the coal supply than to haul the fuel to the mining camps. And so it is with Indiana. If the state had no other resources but Its fuels, it would still remain a great factor - in the Industrial world, for it would draw on other states, as it is now largely doing, for raw material. However. Indiana has an abundance of raw materials, especially in« the constructive and building lines. The timber resources, especially in the hard woods, are still extensive. COAL According to a comprehensive survey of the coal field of Indiana under the direction of Prof. Blatchley, the efficient state geologist—the first accurate geological survey showing the exact location of the coal deposits of the stater—there are about ( 7,000 ‘square miles in Indiana underlaid by coal. This is about the aggregate area of the coal fields of Europe exclusive «f •Ragland. The Indiana coal deposits are confined to the southwestern part of the state. There are between twenty * and thirty horizons in which th* coal occurs, of which five contain workable coal over large areas, and at least seven others contain workable small areas. The workable coal rin3|gggHggF iree to ten feet In thickness. T»fe»Fper beds, known as "bitummous” between four and five\feet thick, while the lower or “block” orN "semi-block seams average three one Inch. The upper beds occur in larsns. basins, often hundreds of miles in area: v The lower beds are usually in small Kjstas from a few acres to several square these basins the coal is thick in the ter and thins toward the edges. As Indiana coal field is a part of the eastern edge of the Illinois "coal basin.” the coal beds have a general dip and get deeper toward the center of the Illinois basin at a point in southern Illinois. On this account only, the lowest coal bed is found along the eastern edge of the Indiana coal field. The east edge of the field includes the eastern parts :of Fountain. Parke and Putnam counties, the eastern four-fifths Greene. Martin. Dubois. Spencer and Perry counties, and the western parts of Orange and Crawford counties. Going westward this coal measure descends or dips at the rate of twentyfour feet per mile, and gradually the other beds set in until, along the M abash river, the lowest bed, which outcrops through Owen and Martin counties, may be 800 feet below the surface, or below sea level. But as many as sixteen beds have been found above It tn a cnll at Vincennes with a total thickness of coal there 6? thirty-four feet. In very few localities can more than one or two beds be worked at the same point. Through the middle regions three or more beds are being worked at a single point. None of the lower beds, can be worked in the western part of the field n n account of their depth. What is known as “coal 3” and “coal 4,” the block of -Clay and Parke, and "coal 4” of Linton. Greene county, is too deep to work in Sullivan and Knox, on account of the twenty-four-foot per mile dip southward —at least under existing conditions. Location of Beds.

In the eastern edge of the Indiana coal field workable coal is found In a limited oyantity. Practically, there are no workable coal deposits in Putnam, Orange and Crawford. There is workable coal in two townships in Owen. West of this lower coal is another belt from ten to twenty miles wide, where the coal deposits are still shallow, the mines seldom 100 feet in d«c£h. This belt reaches western Greene, central Parke and Clay, cental Daviess and eastern Pike and Warrick counties. The country is flat and rolling. The coal is found in deposits, but block or semi-block is largely workable. The Brazil block coal and Parke county block and Linton semiblock coal is mined in this belt. On account of the blocky character of the coal mining operations have been mere extensive in this belt than in the The third belt west of this, which , covers Vermillion, southwestern Parke,-frest-em Clay and Daviess, eastern Sullivan and Knox,western Daviess and Vigo.Pike and Warrick counties, is from ten to twenty miles wide. The upper coals are near the outcrop and extensively mined. The coals of the second belt east of this are too deep here to mine, except in few ‘places. Most of the mines of Indiana are in these two belts—the second and third. The fourth belt west of this, which extends into Illinois, comprises the counties of Gibson, Vanderburg and Posey, and western Sullivan and Knox. The drill there reveals all the coal seams found in the state, some sixteen in number. «e lower coals here are below the sea level and thin and not workable. The upper coals are of workable thickness, but on account of their depth—2oo to 400 feet—development here has been retarded, capital having been attracted to the shallower coals in the middle belts. But it is only a 'question of time when these deeper coal seams which comprise the greatest deposits of the Indiana —<ad will be extensively worked. The regions where the most active operations in mining are being carried on are Greene, Sullivan. Clay, Vigo, southern Parke and Vermillion counties. Linton ip Greene county is growing to be the great coal center of the state. The block coal deposits of Clay county begin to show signs of exhaustion, but the other coals of Clay will not be exhausted for many years to comj. Parke, Sullivan, Vigo and Greene counties seem to contain the largest area of workable coal at shallow depth, but their deposits have hardly been touched. Gibson, Knox, Fountain and Vanderburg contain large areas of undeveloped coal lands. , There is a fine vein of coal (“coal 5”) (outcropping or near the surface through ' Pike and Warrick counties, which is of more than average thickness, and which has hardly been touched. Daviess county has been, and is yet a great producer of coal, and there are still large areas of good workable coal. The western x>art of Greene is all underlain with workable coal. Except at Linton, where coal mining js now conducted, on a large scale, this' field remains practically Intact. There are limited areas of unmined block coal in the southeastern part of Parke county and the western part of Clay county, and in Owen county near Patricksburg. In Fountain county there are numerous basins of workable coal, which have never been worked, but they have been sufficiently prospected to establish their existence in workable quantities. Forty Billion Tons. Prof. Bletchley estimates that there are 40,000,000,000 tons of coal in Indiana, of which one-fifth or 8,000,000,000 are estimated to ibe workable under the present* L conditions. ‘ He estimates that 100,000,000 [tons or 1-400 of the total amount or 1-80 I

of the workable amount have been mined, and that at the present rate of production the Indiana coal field wt& last not less than 300 years. The coking of Indiana coal is still a small industry, but it has proceeded far enough to demonstrate that the upper coals, especially “coals 5, 6 and 7,” will make good coking coal. requUing about three tons of coal to make one of coke. With the gradual substitution of coal for natural gas in Indianapolis and other Indiana cities and towns the demand for coke for heating purposes will not fail to stimulate the coking industry in Indiana. According to the report of State Mine Inspector Epperson 5.865,000 tons of coal were mined tn 1889. This was an increase of 690.8b® tons over the year 1898. In 1900 the output was 6,283,000 tons, an increase over 1899 of 443,000 tons. Last year Indiana coal displaced 600,000 tons of Illinois coal in the Chicago markets. During tiie past eighteen months there hss been, great activity tn the investment of new capital in coal lands. While considerable of it was invested simply for speculative purposes, twenty to thirty new mines- were opened up in 1900, ai d more than a dozen in 1901. The large addition of new mines in 1900 was due chiefly to the ppening of new fields by the extension of the Southern Indiana railroad from Linton to Terre Haute and the projection of branches into Sullivan county from the main line. It was also influenced by the diminution of the natural gas supply and the consequent enlargement of the Chicago market. At present the output of coal is only limited by the capacity Os the railroads to furnish coal cars to the operators. In 1900 the total amount of wages paid amounted to $4,843,343, and the number of men employed was about 10,606 or shout the same number of men employed in the Butte, Mont., copper mines. PETROLEUM. Crude petroleum, next to coal, Is the most important mineral of the state. While the sus>ply of natural gas is steadily decreasing; -therMl production Is gradually increaring, tibe ;yalue of the petroleum product havipig increased from $2,230,000 in 1898 to In 1901. This, too. in spite of the faet that the development of the oil field has been restricted to the northern rim of the oil-gas belt, the courts having stopped oil exploltatibn In the field where natural gas is still producing in paying quantities. As the gas wells become exhausted oil wells will take their place in the same region and will supply fuel almost as cheap as the natural gas. Oil not being wasted as the natural gas is, the deposit will not be so soon exhausted. At present the oil product of Indiana is consumed chiefly out of the state, but when the oil in the region now by the natural gas industry is pwd'.W’d JAjsUL be in the main utilized locally to furnish'fuel to* tfie~XP.Uls which natural gas brought there. In most corporations and pipe lines holding gas leases have protected themselves for the future by securing oil privileges on the same lands they now control for gas supply. The oil field already developed is but a fraction of the known oil-bearing Trenton rock region of the state. Petroleum occurs also in other formations than the Trenton limestone. The most prolific oil well in Indiana is not in Trenton limestone rock. The Trenton limestone itself did not generate the oil or gas. The porous character of this formation in localities simply served as a receptacle for the fluid distilled from animal remains during the Silurian ages.

TWO DISTINCT FORMATIONS. In Indiana crude petroleum occurs in commercial quantities In two distipct geological formations —in the lower rocks of the Silurian system, known as the “Trenton limestone,” and in the lower formation of the devonian system, known as the “corniferous formation.” The principal oil-bearing formation 13 the Trenton limestone. This formation underlies the whole state, but on account of Its dip It has not yet been penetrated by the drill in the western part of Indiana, while in the northeastern part it is only reached at great depth on account of the thick mantle of glacial drift material overlaying the country rock. The Trenton rock does not outcrop in any part of the state, but near Lawrenceburg. Dearborn county, it is found within 35® feet of the surface. West of this, near Salem, it is found at a depth of 1.350 feet, and farther west, at Loogootee, in Martin county, a well drilled 1.680 feet did not reach Trenton rock. In the main producing field the Trenton Is reached at an average depth of 1,000 feet. The principal producing oil field In Indiana extends from the Ohio-Indiana state line westward to Marlon, Grant county, and from Warren, Huntington county, south to Hartford City, Blackford county. The greatest length is fifty miles and extreme width thirty miles. This field embraces the townships In the extreme southern tier of Adams. W-” and Huntington counties, and the northern tier of townships of Jay and Blackford counties, and the four northeastern townships of Grant county, with isolated pools In the adjoining townships. Outside of -the main oil field isolated pools In the TrenfcQ’L formation have been developed and exploited at Peru, Miami county, Kellar, county, at Broad Ripple, north of Indianapolis, at Fisher Station, Hamilton county, at-x Parker, Randolph county, and in the belt at Alexandria, Madison county. Development In the latter field has been checked the enforcement of legislation prohibiting opening of oil wells in producing gas re> gions While It Is true that Trenton rock underlies the whole state at various depths it is only where porous strata exist that the rock is petroleum bearing. Corniferous Oil Field. ■ This formation occurs only in the western half of Indiana where it is represented either by sand stone ten to twenty feet in thickness or by limestone five to seventy feet thick, and in some places by both sandstone and limestone. The sand and limestone formations are overlaid by black or brown New Albany shale; so named on account of their outcropping on the Ohio river near New Albany, Ind. This shale is from 100 to 200 feet thick. It is very rich in bitumen and attempts have been made at New Albany to utilize this shale as fuel. Experiments by the New Albany gas works showed that whereas it required five pounds of Pittsburg coal to produce 105 gallons of gas It required five pounds of New Albany shale to produce the same quantity. But the New Albany shale gas had twentytwo candle power to eighteen for the Pittsburg coal gas. Experiments by distillation of the shales in other parts of the* state have produced from 7 per cent, to 12 per cent, crude oil. The distillation of shales in Scotland and Germany is an important industry. The Scotch output of mineral oil amounted to 60,000,0)0 gallons last year which was refined into naphtha, burning oil. gas oil. medium oil, lubricating oil, and paraffine. As a valuable by-product 25.C00 tons Sulphate of ammonia was also produced which is used in making commercial fertilizer. It Is from the oil and gas which nature has separated from these bituminous shales that the corniferous rocks became charged wherever porous.* Some of these porous places or reservoirs have been struck by oil drillers nearly all along the corniferous belt fro«n the Ohio river to Lake Michigan. But so far, this formation has produced oil in paying quantities only at Terre Haute, near Loogootee and in Jasper county, near Medaryville. The corniferous field, however, has not received much attention from oil operators for the reason that the Trenton field affords surer and more remunerative inducements. At Terre Haute the Phoenix well was struck in 189® and ever since it has averaged LWO barrels per month. The oil is found in the corniferous limestone tnere at a depth of 1.630 feet. This la th© best oil well in Indiana. Non© in

th© Ttenton rock has coma near equaling it as a. steady producer. The Loogootee wells show both oil and gas at a depth <rf 4a feet. Some of these wells yield twenty barrels per day. The total production last year in that field, however. was only &000 barrels. The Jasper county field is of more recent development and has been confined chiefly on a lease of 35000 acres, which was sold together with nineteen wells last year to an English syndicate for $150,000. This company has since added 100 producing wells. The yield per well is small, but as the oil stratum is struck at 100 feet and the cost of pumping is lbw and the lubricating quality of the oil is excellent, two-barrel wells are paying big profits. As high as $lO per barrel has been obtained for this oil as a lubricant, but the average price is $5. The outcrop of the New Albany shale extends from the Ohio river, near New Albany, in a northeast direction through Floyd. Clark. Scott, Jeffersoh and Jennings counties, thence tn a northwesterly direction through Bartholomew. Johnson. Marion. Boone, Clinton. Carroll and White counties. Production in 1900. From 1891 to 1901 8,534 wells were completed in the Trenton limestone oil field, and on Jan. L 1901, 5.480 wells were producing, showing 3,064 dry wells. Fourteen per cent, of the oil wells drilled in 1908 proved dry or barren. The total production of the Indiana fields in 1900 was barrels, of which 184.090 barrels came fironi the corniferous field, 8,000 barrels from from the Phoenix writ at Terre Haute.. and 16L000 barrels from the Jasper county field. In the Trenton rock outside of the main field Peru produced 2SUBB barrels. Alexandria 59,894 and Broad Ripple 30,194 barrels. The average price in the Trenton field was 96% cents per barrel. From 1891 tol9tt the average prices of petroleum in the Trenton fields per barrel were as follows: 189 L 40 cents; 189& 37 cents; 1893. 45 cents, 1894, 4S cents: 1895, 64 cents; 1896, 63 cents: 1887, 43 cents; 1898; 69 2-5 emits; 1889. 87% cents; 1900, 96% cents. NATURAL GAS. ♦ The natural gas field of Indiana covers about 28.000 square miles in the eastern central part of the state. It is the most extensive natural gas field in the world. Blackford. Delaware, Grant and Madison are the principal gas-producing counties. The gas field extends also over parts of Jay, Howard. Hamilton, Randolph.Tipton, Wells, Adams, Rush and Shelby counties. In the corniferous formation of the v. esten part of the state gas has been struck at Loogootee. Martin county, and Petersburg, Pike county, in paying quantities and at other points in that formation in other parts of the state, but not in paying quantities. Natural gas and petroleum have a common origin. All the higher anticlines in the main gas field ip which the porous Trenton limestone occurs have been tapped for gas, and while the stored reservoirs have not become exhausted the demand upon them from the local factories and pipa lines to Chicago and Indiana towns so” i great fi’&fen years that of 325 pounds has steadily decreased until it is now but 150 pounds. According to the state gas supervisor the natural producing gas field has contracted from jits original area of 2.500 square miles to 1,300 square miles, the salt water having in numerous places encroached upon the gas and risen to higher levels in the synclines, preventing a uniform pressure which formerly prevailed. There are large areas in the producing field yet untouched which piping companies and manufacturing corporations have kept in reserve, and while the maximum production of natural 'gas production in the state has been reached, and it is now on the decline, Indiana will still have more natural gas for many years to come than any other state in the union. Some Gas History. Natural gas was discovered in Indiana in 1886. The gas belt, which is now a network of factory towns, where the greatest glass works in the world are located and also some of the largest steel plants, and where all classes of manufactures are represented, was then purely an agricultural region, without factories of any kind except a feW small saw mills, flour mills and brick yards. Many single manufacturing plants, costing upward of a million dollars each, are on sites which were corn fields or cow pastures sixteen years ago. Anderson then was a small county seat, supported by the farming interest. Elwood and Alexandria were railroad crossings, without the title of villages. The taxable property of Madison county the year following the discovery of natural gas was appraised at less than $10,000,000. Ten years later the appraisement of taxable property had increased t0*527,000,000. The population of the county, which before the discovery of gas was 36.487, had increased to 70.470 in 1900. Madison is the tvnical county of the gas belt. Delaware, Grant and Blackford have done almost as well In manufacturt,:* - ; increase of wealth and In population. However, it must not be inferred that Indiana was not in a high state of prosperity at the time of the discovery ot natural gas or that the state did not then contain an intelligent, prosperous and contented population. Nor is it true that agriculture was the sole resource of the state. At that timo Indiana had Kad a large percentage ot its population engaged for many years in the exploitation of the greatest tract of hardwood timber ever found in tne world. Lumbering and the wood manufacturing Industry had been one of the greatest resources of the state and back in the seventies the product of the forest exceeded the agricultural product of the state. Indianapolis, Evansville. Ft. Wayne, South Bend and Terre Haute were even then great Industrial centers. South Bend was then, as it is now, the center '•(Of the wagon and plow manufacturing Industry of the United States, and New Albany had the largest plate glass works, yt. 'Wayne had the largest car wheel foundry in the world. Michigan City led in the cooperage business of the country. EvansviN® was the center of the largest hardwoods market of the world. The value of tnl® natural gas consumed in Indiana from! 1 886 to 19°Q is estimated l>y the United \ States geological survey at $1 000,000 the ’.first two years, $5,000,000 each for the yeart? ISBB, 1889 and 1890; $4,000,000 for 1891; $4,70010° tor 1892; $5,500,000 the years 189ib\. 189 * little over $5,000,000 anjju®lly .si.lXja Up to ten years ago the timfesr of the state manufactured and exported yielded more than $15,000,000 a year for twenty to thirty years back. However, as the destruction of timber had been carried on at such a rapid pace that natural gas counties had their supply exhausted at the time of the discovery of natural gas the discovery of natural gas came at the proper time to replace the timber industry which was about to dwindle down and totally disappear, especially in the gas belt regions. The river counties, which at one time were the principal manufacturing counties Os the state, having lost population for a time after the exhaustion of the timber resources, is an indication what would have prevailed generally throughout the central regions of the state during the last decade if natural gas had not been discovered. However, the coal fields would have been more rapidly developed and the centers of glass and steel manufacturing would be in the coal regions in the southwestern part of the state instead of in the eastcentral part. It would have required, perhaps. twenty years longer to realiza the existing industrial conditions of the state. With the assurance of permanent fuel supplies In petroleum and coal the manufacturing industries of Indiana can be considered on a permanent foundation regardless of the duration of the natural gas supply. Future of Gee Supply. Authorities conflict as to the probable duration of the gas supply. That it Is M stored product, which is being drawn upon in immense volume they all agree. But it is impossible to estimate the amount stored in the Trenton rock, although the volume drawn therefrom can be approximately estimated. Natural a

rock pressure has been cited by some a»* ? thorities as the gauge by which the supply can be estimated, but the late Prot Orton of the Ohio state university, a *• recognized authority on petroleum and natural gas deposits, took the position that it was impossible to determine by the natural pressure how long the gas confined in the porous rock of an anticline would last. BUILDING MATERIALS OF THE STATE According to the report of the state geologist on the clay resources of Indiana. the clay deposits rank next in value to coal and building stone among the natural resources of the state. The advance in the price of, s lumber has caused greater demand for bricks and has attracted large capital to the clay manufacturing industry of the state during recent years, and the value of the clay products of Indiana is estimated at nearly $5,000,000 a year. Clay deposits of var!-. ous grades are extensive, especially in tho coal regions. The principal deposits of commercial clays are in the coal measures, in th© glacial drift deposits of the northern and east central parts of the state, and in the shales along the eastern edge of the coal measures. In nearly' every county common bricks and drain tiles are manufactured for the local trade, but at Brazil. Terre Haute. Clinton. Vanderbbrg. Montezuma. Cayuga. Hobart and Porter, in the western part; New Albany. Huntingburg and Evansville. In the southern part, and Martinsville in the central part, there are large clay working plants which manufacture brick and other clay products ©n a large scale for the\Cht-. cago, Indianapolis, Louisville and other important markets. The principal ciajf product of the state is the common brie®, but pressed brick, fire brick, terra cotta.X tiles for draining and roofing, and sewer ' pipes are also manufactured. In Vermillion county there, are several large deposits of fire clays with but few small plants there manufacturing fire brick. In Lawrence and Martin counties there are V extensive deposits of kaolin, but mostly \ inaccessible tp railway transportation. Near Huron, on the B. & O. a Pittsburg company has been extractingalum salts from kaolin beds, but out- < side of this the kaolin beds of the state ’ J have never been worked. The Indiana J kaolin is not suitable for porcelain ware for want of plasticity, but eould be used for refractory wares. In the coal measures a good quality ©f potter’s clay is found in nearly ever? county in the coal field, notably near Huntingburg, Cannelton. Loogootee. Shoals. Coal Bluff in Vigo county, and Annapolis. Parke county. Except at Huntingburg and Cannelton these clay deposits have not been extensively worked. Analyses of the samples from the largest Indiana deposits show identical chemical composition with the clays used in the great potteries of Zanesville and A used by fecal plants in clay and with coal veins underlying them aiWI extensive. The shale makes an vitrified brick and near used for making common brick. In Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and counties in the northwestern part of state, there are extensive deposits glacial clays which are being worked into ” various kinds of brick, terre cotta and other products for the Chicago markets Chicago not only derives its principal supply of fuel from Indiana, but this state is the chi?f source of its building supplies, even to the sand for mortar. CEMENT RESOURCES. —- ... The manufacture of cement is assuming a large importance in the industries of Indiana. Two kinds of cement are manufactured—hydraulic or water rock cement. and Portland cement. The hydraulic cement industry is confined entirely to Clark county, which produceMfl more than one-fourth of that the United States. This is from a sandy magnesium limestone which occurs in Clark, Scott and Jennings counties. It Is known as the “Silver Creek hydraulic limestone,” after a creek by that name in Clark county, where it is more exposed than elsewhere, and where the center of the industry is located. There are still larger areas in Clark county unworked and the hydraulic limestone of Jennings and Scott counties has never been worked. This hydraulic cement is largely used in government construction works, such as improvements of rivers and harbors, and canals. Th® annual output Is about 2.000,000 barrels. The Portland cement manufacturing industry is of more recent* introduction in this state. Tet, when the plants now under construction for the manufacture of Portland cement are producing the’ output will aP once exceed the hydraulic product. There are now two large plants in Crawford county, at Milltown and Marengo, which are crushing the pure oolite deposits there. Another plant .on the. oolitic limestone belt Is now under construction Mitchell, which will have a capacity of 1.000 barrels per day. Through the oolitic limestone belt in various points, but especially in Lawrence, Washington, Harrison and Crawford, there are extensive deposits of almost pure oolite equally, as good as those already taken up by the Mitchell and Marengo companies, which only await tha necessary capital to manufacture Portland cement. It has been suggested that the waste’ oolitic rock froJK the Bedford quarries could be utilized ih the manufacture of this cement, but the draw*’ back at that point Is the want of the proper clays to mix .with the carbonate of lime to manufacture the product. j OTHER RESOURCES. A Practically all the whetstone ing of the United -States Is confined Garland county, Arkansas, near the mous Hot Springs, and to Orange Indiana, near the well-known line springs of French Lick. The posits of these fine grained siliclous are extensive in Orange county. want of an Investment of !ay g ’ e caDlta }M the quarries are now worked on a scale in a crude way. A ;fn e quality 0 ; W grindstone in the same fj rm atlon is also fl found and small way in fl ofafig6«Mjß®f?rtin counties. Glass and molding sand deposits are’ ffi found in various parts of the state. Glass i sand suitable for glass manufacturing is found in Madison, Blackford,. White, Laporte and Parke counties. In Madison' and Blackford the glass and deposits are utilized by local glass works. In Parke glass sand and coal veins occur in the sam« region. Iron ores, liminite (bogiron), hemltlte, siderite and pyrites occur in Greene, Mar- 5 tin, Monroe and Perry counties and tn th© i Kankakee regions in St. Joseph, Lake and - Porter counties. Before the war some fifteen furnaces were kept up making pig iron from the best deposits near the cdal fields. After the war only one furnace ■. < remained, and that went out of existence in 1893. The'iron ores of Indiana are too impure, containing an excess of silica and sulphur, to compete with the Lake Superior iron mines. Zinc sulphides occur in small pockety deposits tn the coal regions, but this ore will never be found in large enough quantities to mine. Indiana has no Igneous rock in place—that is, rocks of volcanic origin—there- / fore, no gold, copper or lead ores will \ ever be found in place. The float copper and lead and placer gold found in various localities of the state. like the granatio metamorphic, volcanic “nigger heads", bowlders and quarts and other foreign* rock fragments which are found in Indiana, were brought from' the mineralbeating regions among the mountains ot Canada by the great glacial Invasion, which, during the ice age, extended ae far south as Brown county through th© center of Indiana, and to the Ohio river in the eastern part and to Posey county in the western part. The placer gold found in th© Bauds ot Bean Blossom creek. Brown county, and elsewhere, is of drift origin and will never be found tn a paying quantities, although small wage© have been mad© by Brown county aainm. |

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