Decatur Daily Democrat, Volume 60, Number 286, Decatur, Adams County, 5 December 1962 — Page 12

PAGE FOUR-A

Speculation Over U. S. And Russian Relations Mounting

(EDITOR’S NOTE: Speculation about United States-Soviet relations and the direction, In which they are heading has increased sharply since the Cuban crisis. Four biglily informed correspondents who have followed closely the diplomatic maneuvers in the world capitals assess the situation in the following special report.) By United Press International Is the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States about to enter an entirely new climate? Has there been a turning point in the long struggle between the Communist and free world, an ebbing of the tide that has seen Marxism engulf vast portions of our globe? Up until the Cuban crisis, those questions would not have been asked. Since then, there have been straws in the wind to indicate that we may be passing through one of those periods which historians will come to record as a decisive time, a time when the course of events moved into a new channel. One of those straws came ' bn the night of Nov. 20 at President Kennedy’s press conference. After breaking the momentous news that Nikita Khrushchev had backed down on the IL2B bombers and that the United States was lifting its quarantine of Cuba, Kennedy said in answer to a question: —**.. . This is a rather climactic period and I think that we can perhaps tell in the next six months what is going on in the world beyond this hemisphere with more precision . “If five years ago we had looked at the world, I don’t think we would have made a judgment that it would have moved quite the way it has moved, that China and India would be involved in a very struggle which may lead to full scale war ... and that relations in many parts of the world would be changing as they aire. I think this is a very climactic period.” Dean Rusk Comments That same day, speaking in New York, Secretary of State Dean Rusk said: “I suspect we are on the front edge of significant and perhaps unpredictable events . . . “Three days later Assistant Secretary of State for International Affairs Harlan Cleveland put a damper on too optimistic speculation. He said any assumption that the Cuban backdown presages a general Russian retreat was “bottled-in-bond mythology.” But Cleveland, too, said there might now be a “turning point” — that the Communist world might undergo “an evolutionary mutation — changing subtly and with massive deliberation.” If such a change is at hand, how will it manifest itself? Will it affect the Berlin stalemate? Is an open break between Red China and Russia a likelihood? What about disarmament? United Press International asked four of its most widely informed correspondents what they thought of the “turning point” They are Merriman Smith, House correspondent since vraie Roosevelt days; Henry Shapiro, Moscow bureau chief more than 25 years; Stewart Hensley, chief correspondent at the State Depiartment, and Karol Thaler,

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veteran of a decade of European diplomatic reporting. - Shapiro Optimistic It was interesting that the two Washington correspondents took a relatively dim view of any grand new era of East-West cooperation, that Thaler was somewhere in between and Shapiro slightly more optimistic. Here are their comments on these questions: Is this a turning point? Shapiro: Cuba has shown how much pride Khrushchev is willing to swallow to avoid nuclear war. President Kennedy, with his desiveness in the Cuban crisis, with his readiness to act without timedelaying consultation with America’s allies, must have gained him new stature in Khrushchev’s eyes. The Soviet premier has always maintained that if he could only achieve agreement with the United States in the interests of world peace, no other nation could possibly object. In the present circumstances, it is reasonable to expect a reactivation of Soviet foreign policy looking towards a normalization of East-West relations and eventual relaxation of world tensions which would enable Khrushchev to devote all his resources and energies to domestic problems and cause a solution of the Sino-Soviet conflict. Smith: No, I don’t really agree that things generally between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. might be getting better. At least, we have no solid evidence to this effect. Russia’s pattern over a great many years has been to turn crises off and on as she probes expansion possibilities around the world. John Foster Dulles, before and after the Geneva 1955 summit meeting, warned Americans not to expect much. The Eisenhower administration had the same warnings before land after the roseate 1959 Khrushchev visit and the so called “spirit of Camp David.” We’ve been through these happy hours before and each time the result has always been that the Russians had a method in their pleasantries. Yet, Western statesmen cannot afford to be completely cynical about each thaw in the cold war. Each positive development, no matter how transitory, carries the hope of some residual good. . . Thaler: The signs as seen from here. (Europe) are that in the months to come Khrushchev is likely to embark on a new* major peace 6ffensive, and a new diplomatic offensive to supplement it. He is expected to appear more amenable and offer pledges for cold war settlementsßut he is not held likely to give anything away or even to offer easy solutions. On 6 must bear in mind that ■Moscow’s and, for that matter, Khruschev’s own long-term policy aims have not changed despite Cuba. The long-term aim of the Kremlin is and remains to change the world power balance in favor of the Soviet. The Cuban setback has, if anything, strengthened Russia’s determination to achieve this. With this goes the aim to spread communism worldwide. Hensley: Turning points are usually not identifiable except by historic hindsight. If I had to stick my neck out, I would say that the

turning poii.. has yet to come and that it will depend on the skill with which the United States is able to exploit the existing situation. t On the other hand, it may have come when Russia pulled out of the Congo affair, suffered major reverses in Guinea and obviously decided the Soviet bloc economic was m no condition to sustain major continental offensives of this nature. The Soviet retreat in Cuba undoubtedly has increased the doubts of many of the world's hungry and ragged — as well as those who are simply opportunistic fence sitters — as to whether communism is indeed “the wave of the future.” My assumption is that we can anticipate a period of superficial relaxation of East-West tensions due to the enforced necessity for Khrushchev to review his strategy after the failure of his gamble to convert Cuba into a strategic nuclear base. Basically, however, I would assume that Soviet-Ameri-can relations In the fundamental sense are as bad as ever, possibly worse. What can we expect in the near future in Soviet-American relationships? Hensley > Most top officials in Washington appear to expect new Soviet “peace offensive” as the next phase, with Khrushchev posing as the the “apostle of peace” who magnanimously pulled his weapons out of Cuba in the interest of world peace instead of because he had to. Such an offensive undoubtedly would be designed to lull the West into complacency. Most officials believe there may be some possibility of agreement on a nuclear test ban since this is the issue on which the two sides seem closest at this point. It depends on two factors: 1— How much progress made in its last test series; 2 — How compelling is Russia’s need to lessen the strain of the nuclear program on its economy in order to put more dynamism into its international economic offensive which, except for Cuba, is at a virtual standstill. Thaler: The next few months may see the Russians more amenable in negotiations with the West, but experts here doubt whether Moscow will make any major concessions on really essential issues. They miaiy agree to a nuclear test ban, although they are not expected really to allow Americans or Britons to inspect Soviet territory proper. They will almost certainly seek some accord on preventing nuclear weapons from getting in the hands of other nations. They are desperately anxious to keep Western nuclear weapons away from the Germans and in turn have no intention to give the atom bomb to Red China. Optimists believe there may even be some form of settlement on Berlin, at least a temporary one. ' Shapiro: « Four areas in which new nrtoods may manifest themselves shortly from the Kremlin are: 1. — Postponement of the oftthreatened showdown on Berlin. 2. — Progress for an agreement banning nuclear tests. 3. — General disarmament. 4. — Developments on the SinoIndian border clash. Agreement on nuclear testing is likely to materialize first. Smith: Berlin continues to be the real flashpoint between East and West and this will continue to be the case until the Russians made a rather solid public committment to continuation of at least the status quo. The Kennedy-Macmillan meeting (set for mid-December) is no bland, routine checkup. Kennedy

Thaler:

THE DECATUR DAILY DEMOCRAT, DECATUR, INDIANA

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Episcopal Bishops Faced Up Dilemma

By LOUIS CASSELS United Press International The bishops of the Episcopal Church have taken a man-sized swing at the toughest moral problem confronting Christians today. The problem is defining an attitude toward modern war which is consistent both with the teachings of Christ and with the realities of the world situation. Its difficulty is attested by the large number of people who have despaired of satisfying both requirements. Some have retreated from realism by espousing unilateral disarmament. Others have retreated from Christian teachings by condoning a policy of massive retaliation. Meeting in Columbia, S. C., last month, at a time when the United States seemed perilously close to war over Cuba, the Episcopal bishops insisted on facing both horns of the dilemma. The result was a down-to-earth statement outlining the principles which the church must uphold in approaching nuclear war on the basis of “Christian realism.” Deserves Wider Attention The bishops’ statement received relatively little news coverage at the time it was issued, because the papers were full of the Cuban crisis. Now that things have quieted down a bit, it deserves wider attention, not only from Episcopalians, to whom it was directed, but from all Americans who want their country to preserve its freedoms without forfeiting its soul. Rejecting the pacifist argument that it is sinful even to possess nuclear weapons, the bishops said forthrightly that “the United States must remain strong militarily” as long as the threat of aggression hangs over the world. “The church recognizes,” they said, “that a strong military posture does serve as a deterrent to an aggressor nation intent upon and Macmillan have something, or many things, they want to discuss.

military conflict.” They also acknowledged the necessity of having the United States keep “abreast of all developments in warfare” — even if that requires building and stockpiling some very ghastly types of weapons. But they drew a sharp moral distinction between having Hbombs and actually using them against Russian (or Chinese) cities. Total war with modern weapons, they Scfid, cannot be condoned by the Christian conscience under any circumstances, and “every possible moral force must be summoned to prevent its occurrence.” • Draw Four Conclusions “It is increasingly evident that all-out modern war cannot protect the world’s peoples, that an atomic holocaust cannot serve the purpose that war may once have served as an instrument of political or police action to secure justice and peace.” From this basic premise, the bishops drew four specific conclusions: 1. The whole concept of massive retaliation “marked by obliteration bombing of large areas and masses of people” is unChristian and should be “repudiated” by the United States. 2. Christians must “exert every Influence to insure that any war which breaks out anywhere in the world is limited.” 3. “In any armed conflict, we must set clearly defined objectives and cease to wage war when they are achieved.” 4. “When world disarmament is feasible, the weapons of war, • including all nuclear weapons, must be abolished.” Although they accepted limited war as a possible instrument of national policy — and did so at an hour when the issue was far from theoretical — the Episcopal bishops stressed the obligation of Christian individuals and nations to preserve peace by every honorable means available. War Always Evil War, they made clear, however limited in scope and however just in motive, is always an evil which Christians must try desperately to prevent, and to which they may resort only when there is sound hope of thereby avoiding an even greater evil. “For a Christian,” the bishops said, “there is no loyalty which transcends his loyalty to the will of God . . . We are citizens of our own nation and, fulfill its civic obligations: yet we are part of a universal brotherhood which God wills for His people, and under a demand to make this evident in all that we do. “Our Lord died for Russians, East Indians and Chinese as well as for Americans.” If you have somerning to sen or trade — use the Democrat Wa ads — they get BIG resuits. I CHRISTMAS I SUGGESTIONS I BEDROOM FURNITURE ALL STYLES | No monthly pay- : monte until March z UHRIGKBROS. I Discount Furniture |

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regard as a classic of sorts, Fino, a New York Republican, demanded that his adversaries “stop pussyfooting around and use some horse sense.” I have forgotten the context in which this utterance was uttered, but I should like to revive it now as a means of introducing Ladd Plumley, president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Plumley is my candidate for orator of the year (businessmen’s division), and if the reports I hear are true, he is not being properly appreciated.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5, IM2

Answered JFK Charge Last month. Plumley wrote a speech in answer to Kennedy’s charge that the economic views of many business leaders were based on outmoded cliches of the past. Plumley titled hi s speech “Cliches My Grandfather Taught Me,” and it was really a pip. His grandfather obviously had away with words. He collected in one manuscript one of the most benumbing arrays of old saws, maxims and bromides ever assembled.