Decatur Daily Democrat, Volume 56, Number 154, Decatur, Adams County, 1 July 1958 — Page 10

PAGE TWO-A

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BURMUMMMIMRiiiiPiH" ■■ ■ ■ ii u _i in ' ' Mark Centennial Os . Theory Os Evolution

(Editors Note: One hundred yean aye today the theory el evolution tint bunt on the scientific world. Thia year scientists of both East and West will mark the centenial as a great milestone in the advance of human knowledge. In the following dispatch Darwin’s grandson. himself a famous theoretical physicist, discusses the theory and warn that overpopulation may drive the world back to the “ruthless processes of natural selection.”) By SIR CHARLES DARWIN Written for DPI CAMBRIDGE, Eng. (UPI) - It was on the night of July 1, 1858, that the theory of evolutoin by natural selection was first made known. Illis theory now dominates all biological thinking and its centenary is to be honored by an international congress of zoologists which will be held in London .this year in mid-July. ThS theory was contained in two short papers given to the Linaean Sodety bjK, my grandfather Charles Darwin, and Alfred Russell Wallace who had independently arrived at the same con-

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elusions. There were two central points in the new theory. One was that the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms had evolved gradually by modification from their ancestors. This theory was not new. It had been put forward by several previous thinkers, byt the weakness of their theories had been that they could give no reasonable explanation why and how the changes had come about, and in 1858 most leading biologists believed in the fixity of species of animals and plants. t The other main point of the new theory was that it provided a ’ mechanism to explain the changes. , This was natural selection, the in- ' tense competition of all living I things in the struggle for life , which was continually wiping but the less efficient members of any kind of animal and leaving the stage for those better equippd to , survive. It was this part of the theory r that could explain how such complicated mechanisms as the human eye, or such elaborate in- . stincts as those of the bees in a hive, could have been gradually developed. Conclusions Are Independent The two authors had come to their conclusions quite independently of one another. Darwin had started his theory more than 20 years before, .while serving as a naturalist on the survey - ship H.M.S. Beagle, and for those 20 years he had been patiently and quietly working it out. This required him to consider almost everything known to natural history It was not enough to look at the favorable things, but it was even more necessary to consider the unfavorable ones, because if anybody could cite one single case which could not possibly have come about by an accumulation of small variations, it would have killed the whole theory. In those 20 years he patiently gathered a great deal of knowledge. It seems likely that for some time more he would haye gone on doing so before writing it all up, when he received a quite unexpected letter. This was from Wallace who had been working at the natural history of Malaya and Borneo, who wrote to , him asking him to communicate a paper for publication which was to all intents exactly the same theory as the one he had been working on himself. This situation was met by their publishing their papers together 1 with an introduction by Charles Lyell, the leading geologist of the time, explaining what had happened. After this each of them was to be free to publish for himself and Darwin at once got to work to write up what he called an abstract of a much greater work was planing. Though he only called it an abstract, it was in fact that famous book “The Origin of the Species.” It came out in November 1859, and ti at once attracted world-wide interest to the subject. It has been said by some people that such a great change in the -world’s thinking could not really have come about so. suddenly and that the theory must have been in the air waiting to be accepted. It is easy to feel this when a new theory has become established, but I recently heard of a fact that rather points the other way- . - Summarizes Yearly Events At the end of every year the president of the Linnaean Society used to make an address summarizing what had happened to the -society during the past year, and at the end of 1858 the president recorded that they had had a normal successful year unmarked by any outstanding events at all! This was the start of the theory, but after “The Origin of the Species” appeared things became very different. Soon afterwards the whole subject became an acute subject of controversy with attacks on the theory for the most part from laymen and from the churches, while most scientists soon grew into accepting it. As time went on, with the increased number of people now considering the subject, new points or difficulty began to emerge. Nobody really doubted the fact of inheritance but nobody knew what its laws were, and all suggestions about them seemed to be inadequate. But about the start of this century the matter was revolutionized by what may be desci ibed as the discovery of a discovery. Forty years earlier Mendel had discovered a beautifully simple law governing biological inheritance, but, though he did publish it, this discovery was for long overlooked. After that, when it had been, rediscovered, it took a good many years to get it systematized, but it explained the basic fact that was needed, the fact that each new variation of charcter would not, so to spek, be immediately smudged out by mixing it back with the characters of the unvaried members of the race. It took many years to clear up even the outline of these -mattes, and still longer, with the help of imathmatics, to be sure they, were cxpfeliw thc—efctailed ' charactristics of th« evolution of life. But now nobody seriously doubts the. validity of the whole

theory, and the adequacy of Mendel’s law to explain at any rate nearly everything about inheritance. Question Is Natural It is natural to ask then what are the prospects for the future? Nobody can ever give a clear answer to this sort of question. From the nature of things it Concerns matters we do not yet know, in the meanwhile there Is plenty of important work going on, and -it .is likely to go on for a long time. Among other matters it. concerns such things as inheritance among elementary forms of life like bacteria, and also difficult questions conected with the qualities of the complicated chemical substances in - animals and plants, and the inheritance of these substances-/ Finally there is the question of how - the theory directly affects the human race now. Some countries have attained such a high degree of prosperity that to all intents they have managed to get rid of the struggle Jor life. The less efficient among their populations are no longer prevented from multiplying in numbers by processes like those that would be acting in wild nature. Natural selection has been eliminated for the time being. Man has immediately responded to this easing of his conditions by increasing in numbers, and those 'increases hold a most formidable threat for the not very , distant future. Thus quite conservative estimates say there will be twice as i many people in the world in 50 years as there are now, and no- , body has any idea what is to stop , the increases from going on even after that. Can our statesmen realize that , this is by far the most important problem of the near fiiture%Nobody knows any satisfactory but if one is not \ found sltan, our over-populated ' world is aragqst certain to relapse . into hard conditions of life like . those that useK to prevail only a few centuries when it was , the ruthless presses of natural [ selection that controlled the numbers of mankind. K '

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Says Chivalry Dead In New York Cily Recent Incidents Trigger Gripes By GAY PAULEY UPI Women's Editor NEW YORK (UPD - Chivalry is dead in the nation's largest city and I dare the men to prove me a liar. This subject of New York males and their manners has irritated me ever since I came to this metropolis in late 1947. I’ve been patient, as I watched courtesy go down for the count, figuring well, it’s only me. I’m spoiled. I grew up a bit farther South where men opened doors for ladies and men took off their hats in elevators and men courted a girl with a corsage on a special date. ■Bdt my patience has grown thin as the front hall carpet and I’ve decided it’s time to air my gripes. Also, time to let the women elsewhere know how lucky and how pampered they are; and to praise the masculine sex in West Virginia and Txas and North Caroline and Oklahoma and Ohio and, well, matter of fact, any part of the country besides New York. Two recent incidents trigger my outburst. One was a rainy day when, as all New Yorkers tell you, the cabs go underground or disappear into limbo. Anyway, , they get scarcer than falsies at , the Miss..,,America .beautyA pag- , eant. Flag A Cab Standing in front of our office ; building in mid-town Manhattan, hailed an empty cab. At least I thought I was the. one who hailed it ... but there were a couple of men in line behind me. Just as the cab pulled up, there was a whoosh. A door slammed and “my” cab pulled off with the two men in IL - /3—_ Okay, so you start working for another cab. And eventually, another empty hoves to. But there's also another whoosh, and this

time three men beat me to the door, all of them obviously college track stars. Second event. Office cellmate—a male, a non-native and a gentleman of the old school—came to announce that well even he was fed up with manners of his own sex. He was about to board a bus when he notices a couple of old ladies also in line. He stepped aside to let them on first, when whoosh. A map behind all three barged through and panted aboard. Here I get clobbered, I’ll concede there are a few exceptions. I even saw one man the other day get up and give his bus seat to somebody’s grandmother. But few such exist. New Pork males race to get on, or off, die elevator before me. I start through a revolving door and the man who dashed to get in first lets me push. Have a Choice I wait for a phone booth to empty and a man behind me closes the door in my face and drops in his dime. I see a seat emptying at a subway stop and

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just as I start to ease into it, I find I have a choice—either continue standing or sit on some guy’s lap. I’ve been elbowed back from the street corner by men who plan to cross early when the light turns green; trampled as I tried to work my way up to a lunch counter for a quick snack; outmaneuvered in the check-out line at supermarkets and had the man who shoved ahead of me the nerve to snarl, “lady, quit pushin.’ ” What causes the New York male to forget his manners? It’s beyond me. Maybe the psychiatrists would say it is because New York is a city where getting ahead in the job becomes so important that the law of the jungle takes oyer 24 hours a day. Trinidad, tne moot southerly of the West Indies, is closer to New York than to New Orleans. The Caribbean resort, roughly the size of Deleaware, is 2.057 miles from New Orleans, 1.939 mJes from New York. It is 1,482 miles from Miami.