Decatur Daily Democrat, Volume 53, Number 45, Decatur, Adams County, 23 February 1955 — Page 8

PAGE EIGHT

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Smog Blanket Seen Defense To A-Bombs Artificial Smoke Generator Uses Outlined By Army WASHINGTON (ikS) — The army believes today that lighting artificial smoke generators to create “smog" blankets over cities will become one of the standard methods of defense against atomic attack. ’ Preliminary tests have indicated that atomic bombs “lose as much as 75 percent of their thermal (heat) effectiveness when dropped into a smoke-blanketed area.” A full-scale test of smoke protection Ls to be conducted at an unspecified date during the atomic I energy commission's current series of nuclear explosions on the Nevada desert. The army’s plans for smoke protection were outlined Tuesday night by Maj. Gen. William M. Creasy, chief chemical officer, in a speech before the American institute of chemical engineers at Charleston. W. Va. Creasy pointed out that 34. GUO people were severely or fatally burned when the atomic bomb burst at a 2,000-foot altitude over Hiroshima, and said a smog blanket could have protected them in the way clouds reduce the heat of the sun. The smoke screens planned by the army are actually a smoke and fog combination called “smog” consisting of -,gfog-oil mixture thrown into the 'atmosphere. Creasy said that “improper operation” of furnaces could add to the protection. He said burning 200 gallons of oil in the army’s artificial generators can throw a protective blanket over 40 square miles, provided there are no high winds. Weather conditions may rule out smoke protection from five to 25 percent of the time. An effective smog blanket could be created over a city in as little as 15 minutes, Creasy said. This would make possbile use of the protection method in cases where warning time was too short to permit evacuation. Weather and civil defense studies are to be conducted in more than 100 cities to adapt the method

to local conditions after results of the Nevada test are available. Creasy emajiasized that smoke provides n<> protection against blast and radiation effects of a bomb. Deaths from these causes at Hiroshima, however, were limited to three square miles, whereas the bomb's heat caused deaths over 16 square miles. The smoke likewise would afford no protection from a low-level explosion. In fact, the smog blanket might reflect heat downward and increase thermal damage if a bomb burst below it.* Military leaders have generally , assumed that A-bombs would be exploded at considerable altitude, , but there have been recent indications that in any hydrogen attack the four-mlle-wide fireball of the H-bomb would touch the ground. Creasy said the army also has plans to minimize deaths from the H-bomb’s radioactive “fall-out”, which the government revealed last week could be lethal over an area as large as New Jersey. He did not elaborate on these plans. FAURE FAVORS (Conllnued tram z-aga One! and said the quest for east-west negotiations and western security was compatible 'if we can reach general controlled disarmament.” He added: "Men with common sense know that under present circumstances seeking east - west negotiations without strength or strength without negotiations are attitudes which could lead to the worst. “We shall quietly and continually seek to negotiate.” Faure. ,who served as finance and foreign minister in the Pierre Mendes-France government which fell Feb. 5 on the issue of North African policies, is the fourth man to attempt to form a cabinet acceptable to the assembly. If accepted. Faure would be head of France’s 21st post-liberation government. In setting forth his program prior to the assembly vote. Faure also asked the assembly to approve a “contract” binding the government and National Assembly to execute a four-point financial, social and economic program designed for attainment before June 30. 1956. S Faure said he would continue Tunisian negotiations wherein “accord can be reached without abusive concessions” from the French. He promised “vigorous repression” of acts of violence “Is not an example of a strong France nor the best guarantee of authority and prestige, not only in North Africa, but also in the world.”

THE DECATUR DAILY DEMOCRAT, DEC At ft R, INDIANA

' Farm Opposition ■ To Road Program Farm Organizations ' Not Sold On Plans WASHINGTON (INS) — The 1 great bulk of President Eiseßhow- - er's proposed 101 - billion - dollar I highway program Is of course eart marked for rural roads but the major farm organizations aren't r sold on the plan. j The American Farm Bureau , Federation and, to a lesser degree, • the National Grange have in fact t expressed open opposition. s The National Farmers Union, third member of the farm organij zation big three, favors a vastly ! expanded highway building pro- . gram to be paid for out of the 1 federal treasury. But in forthcomi ing testimony NFU will say that ! the President’s program does not . fit the bill. Farm opposition appears to stem from the fact that the organizations don't like the two cents per gallon federal tax on gasoline. 1 It tafyes gas to operate farm r tractors and in a year’s time the 1 tax take from this source runs into many millions of dollars. A few days ago, the Grange ’ served notice that it will make a 3 concerted effort to have this levy ' removed from motor fuel not used • on the highways. ’ Today Matt Triggs, assistant legislatvie director of the Farm • Bureau, took the same position in testimony prepared for presenta- > tlon before the senate public 1 works committee. > Triggs said: “Any reason that i may have existed for collecting i the federal gasoline (ax on gaso- - line used for non-highway pur- ■ poses has disappeared. ! “Gasoline used on a farm is one • of a number of farm production supplies—gasoline, fertilizer, farm i machinery, feed etcetera. There is i no relationship between these pro- ■ duction supplies and the use of highways or the cost of construc- ■ ing highways.” In his special message to congress Tuesday, Mr. Eisenhower i said financing of hits 10-year construction program “should be based on the planned use of increasing revenues from present gas and diesel oil taxes, uagmented in limited instances with tolls.’’ IKE IN BLAST (Continued from Page One) corporation and excise He said that while he might make a prediction of what he would do. he was not going to forecast his action at this time since the proposal might be oopsiderably altered before it reaches him. Despite his angry assault on the proposal, the President refused to endorse statements by Republican leaders that the Democratic movb is 100 percent political. He said he has never challenged anyone’s motives. Mr. Eisenhower , waa asked how he now feels about his own hope of reducing taxes next year, in the light of the Democrats' prior proposal. He replied that the administration believes it will be possible to reduce federal spending to She point where taxes can be lowered next year. But, he asserted, this must be done carefully and analytically, blending the reduction into the overall tax program. The President said the Democratic proposal would actually harm low-income groups because they are the ones who would be hurt most in a new inflationary cycle. He pointed to the sizable tax reductions put into effect by his administration last year, and the nine billion dollar deficit he faced when he took Over the reins of government f . It is not he personally who will be hurt by the Democrats’ tax cut, the President declared heatedly, but the 163 million' people ni the country. When you live beyond your income, he added, you cause yourself irrevocable damage. However, when a reporter asked if he meant there should be no further tax cuts until the budget is balanced, Mr. Eisenhower replied in the negative. He said it is possible to foresee reductions in spending and pass on the savings to the people. At one point, the President declared that every political party likes to cut taxes, that there is no question about that. He broke the tension at another point with a quotation from a person he deserbied as one of his favorite authoritys—himself—on the question of balancing the budget. When the laughter died down, Ma. Eisenhower recAlled.-tbat. he19ft that-Hie-'bwdgei could be balanced in four years, and said he still thinks so. . Faure, a lawyer who entered politics during the' war, then submitted his cabinet—studded with ex-premiers—which is base I on a coalition of all parties except the Socialists, Communists and felloivtraveling “progressive.” This cabinet is the most - rlght-of-center group since 1952 general elections. Trade in a Good Town — Decatur

Urges Housecleaning ' Os Civil Defense Plans

(Editor's note: Dr. Ralph Lapp of Washington. D. C.. physicist and expert on atomic weapons, earlier this month ’ reported on his six-month-long study into the radioactive fallout from the March 1. 1954, hy- ‘ drogen bomb test in the Pa- • ciftc. A week later the atomic 1 energy commission confirmed that Dr. I-app's figures were 1 amazingly accurate. Dr. Lapp ■ was associated with the Man1 hattan project that produced the first atomic bomb. Later, • he served as a consultant to the defense department. In the ' following interview with International News Service, Dr. ' Lapp discusses the “new diTnension” of radiation which 1 he said can contaminate an L area the size of Maryland. By EDWIN DIAMOND ‘ CHICAGO (INS) — Dr. Ralph Lapp wants a “thorough bouse--1 cleaning” of civil defense proced- • ures to protect some 5tf,000,000 1 Americans who are potential vic- ! tims of radio-active fall-out from 1 new super-bombs. Dr. Lapp suggests “radical new’ ’ civil defense concepts to deal with 1 the radical new weapons we now' ’’ have." In an interview with International News Service, the entire 1 atomic warfare situation was re--1 viewed by the physicist who ac--1 curately predicted in detail fall- ‘ out figures from the March 1, 1954, : bomb test in the Pacific —a prediction confirmed by a special ■ atomic energy commission report ’ Issued last Tuesday. The AEC data revealed that a single bomb of the March type contaminated an area of 7,000 ’ square miles with death-dealing, 1 Invisible “radioactivedust." 1 This means everyone downwind ’ from the target in a cigar-shaped ; area 20 miles wide and 140 miles long was seriously threatened by radiation—the deadly after-affects of A and H-bombs which cannot ' be seen, smelled, tasted or felt. Dr. Lapp declared the March 1, bomb represented a “dew dimension in warefare,” explaining: “We are in 1955 in the same ' situation as we were in 1945. 1 “The jump from the conventional TNT blockbuster to the Hiroshima A-bomb in 1945 marked a drastic change in the instruments of war. "The jump from the A-bomb to the superbomb with its lethal ra- ’ dio-ective fall-out is just as drastic , —if not more so." He outlined the “new dimensions” of the bomb, the radiation threat, possible civil defense measures for city and farm dwellers and the political implications of the bomb. Here are some of his major points: The new' dimension—" The primary effect of the bomb is the flash of heat and the enormous , concnslye blast which goes out over an area of roughly three , square miles for a 10 megaton (10 millions tons of TNT) bomb. “This, however, is now completely dwarfed by the secondary i —

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effects — the radioactive particles from the bomb which fall out over an area up to 10,000 square miles for a 20 megaton bomb. “This radiation falls to earth in the first four to six hours after the blast and so contaminates the earth that in the first day any person above land surface would receive a lethal dose and be doom* ed to die in a few days. "This radioactivity would persist and deliver another lethal dose inside one week, and still another in the first menth." The problem of survival—“ The first thing to do is to be either j outside the contaminated zone or ( —if inside —to take shelter. "An ordinary foxhole is good but it would be preferable to have pre- , pared concrete and dirt shelters , flush to the earth on the outskirts of our large cities." , A foxhole about three feet wide ; and six feet deep with a loose board and raincoat of other garment thrown over the top was sug- ; gested. Other suggestions: Basements of tall apartment buildings, fruit cellar of a farm house. Dr. Lapp's main rule of radiation survival is this: “Get below the surface of the I earth." , For this reason he has proposed a network of radiation survival shelters to be built around the central city area. He reasoned: “People could then evacuate from the city—if they escaped the powerful blast and heat—and take cover one of two days in these shelters. “Then, based on a 'count' of the areas, they could be transferred to 'cool' or safe sections to return home when the count showed it was safe. Civil defense — “Our civil defense system has now arrived at a turning point. “We need a thorough housecleaning of our ideas about civil defense in order to provide protection for the 50.009,00(1 Americans who at present reside within the fall-out zone from the detonation of a few dozen superbombs— I am referring to our populous northeastern United States. “Civil defense has too often been a disaster reliet or pick-up-the-pieces operation**~as in the battle of Britain. “The menace of fall-out rules out such operations in most cases." The Soviet Union and the bomb —“One of the most important features of the new superbomb is that it is relatively easy to massproduce and an inexpensive weapon. “This means that the new development magnifies the power of every Soviet bomb and means that the atomic arms race has taken on a new tempo. "It grants the Soviet a speed-up in their atomic armament program and in essence gives them a knock-out punch which Otherwise might have taken two more years to perfect.” Dr. Lapp was able to offer an

optimistic concluding point. He said: "As AEC Commissioner Dr. Willard Libby recently said, radiation hazards are something we can do something about. "In a.,word, if there is no shelter, improvise one." ROAD PROGRAM , (Continued from Page One) tack." lawmakers on both sides of the political aisle agreed generally on the urgency for increased highway construction but Democrats took strong exception to the financing plans advanced by Mr. Eisenhower. AMENDMENT TO (Con iriued rr., t n Page One; in the senate Tuesday without a I dissent, but the anti-bargain bill * was trounced, 32 to 14. It would have prevented merchants from ‘ selling below cost "with intent to destroy CQinpetiton.” The second attempt in six days to blast the bill for a two-cent-a-gallon gas tax increase out of the house roads committee failed, 45 for and 41 against. Speaker George S. Dieuer ruled the motion failed for want of at least 51 votes, a constitutional majority. House administration chieftains today lined up against the bill passed by the Senate Tuesday night, 28-to-17, to transfer $14,090,538 from the general fund to the qjate highway department. Senate leaders also had opposed the measure in vain. Trade in a Good Town — Decatur . z

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