Decatur Daily Democrat, Volume 21, Number 213, Decatur, Adams County, 8 September 1923 — Page 3

I Soil Survey of j 1 Adams County | Miami Silty Cl«y Loam. Th „ aurface «oil of the Miami silty ’ loam eonaists of a gray to brownJVrrav heavy silt loam. 6to 8 Inches underlain by a yellowish-brown 0 brownlHh-yellow. friable silty clay faintlv mottled with gray, exdine to depths of 12 to 15 inches, iw this the subsoil material is a yellowish-brown compact silty clay to n average depth of 24 to 26 inches. The lower subsoil, from 24 Inches to inches. Is in many places an admix,ure of considerable quantities of .and and fine rock fragments. The material below 24 to 30 Inches is calcareous. In the higher locations the soil near- |. always contains a larger percentMeO f medium and fine sand than elsewhere and the subsoil carries more sand and coarse material. Stones and rock fragments are also more numerous m such areas, but large bowlders are nowhere abundant. The Miami silty clay loam, locally called clay land, is derived from weathered glacial till. It occupies gently undulating to rolling or hilly uplands, consisting in part of moraines. The roughest areas lie east o f Ceylon and along the Wells County H ne north of the Wabash river. The main development of the type is in the southern third of the county and the other larger creeks of the county. The original tree growth consisted of oak, ash, elm. hickory, beech and sugar maple. There still remain many fair-shed wooded areas. The Miami silty clay loam is the best general-purpose soil in the county. It gives good yields of all kinds. Corn. oats, wheat, especially -well adapted to fruits of all kinds. Corn, oats, wheat, and hay are the principal crops. The yield per acre of corn ranges from 25 to 50 bushels; of oats, from 30 to 60 bushels; of wheat. 12 to 25 bushels; and of hay from 1 to 1 1-2 tons. For oats and wheat the Miami silty clay loam is considered one of the best soils in the county. These crops are less likely to lodge on this soil in wet seasons than on the Clyde clay loam and Brookston silty clay loam. Crop yields on the more roiling areas are larger in wet than in normal seasons. The type is deficient in organic matter, as is clearly indicated by the char acteristic grayish color of the soil It is also deficient in lime in the surface soil and in the upper compact layer of the subsoil. Stable manure is liberally applied on the farms on this type. A common application is 6tons per acre, made usually to com, once in the ro tation. which in most cases consists of corn, oats, wheat and clover. The use of stable manure and green manuring crops is probably the best means of keeping up the productiveness of this type. Clover, soy beans, and other leguminous crops should be grown in order to add to the supply of nitrogen. Acid phosphate at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, especially where stable manure has been applied, will increase the yield of corn and wheat. Liming will improve the soil for clover or alfalfa. Farm values on this type range from $75 for unimproved land to SIOO or more an acre for improved farms. Crosby Silty Clay Loam. The surface soil of the Crosby silty clay loam consists of about 8 inches of light-gray orlight brownish gray, heavy silt loam, grading into a light gray and yellowish mottled heavy silt clay loam which extends to depths of 12 to 15 intehes. Below this the subsoil is a yellowish-brown silty clay, faintly mottled with gray, which becomes heavier and more plastic downward to a depth of about 24 inches, where it changes to a more friable clay loam of a light-brown color. The surface soil is deficient in organic matter, except in areas intimately associated with and grading • Into the Brookston silty clay loam. The subsoil below 24 inches is calcareous, but the soil to a depth of 2 feet shows considerable acidity. This type with the other light-colored type, the Miami silty clay loam, is locally called clay land. Areas of the Crosby silty clay loam have a level or very gently undulating surface, marked by occasional low mbunds and ridges. Stronger relief than this gives rise to the Miami silty clay loam. The Crosby silty clay loam is the third soil in extent in the county. It covers 41,728 acres, or about 20 per cent of the area of the county. It occurs in numerous detached areas, commonly surrounded by Brookston silty clay loam, or adjoins areas of the Miami silty clay loam, developing where the topography flattens out. It occupies a position intermediate in elevation between that of the Brook-

ston silty clay loam and the higher lying Miami silty clay loam. In places a definite boundary line can not be determined between the members of these three series when they are intermingled, and many small areas of the other soils are Included with the predominating soil in such places. The drainage of the type is for the most part adequate, and it has been improved through the drainage systems Installed to reclaim the adjacent areas of Brookston silty cluy loam. Tile drains have proved effective on the Crosby soil, but have not been used extensively on this type. Practically all the Crosby silty clay loams is under cultivation, the general farm crops being grown. The yields are about the same as upon the Miami silty clay loam. The type is in need of organic mat ter, and liberal applications of barnyard manure are applied by the farmers on this soil. It is recognized that this practice and the growing and plowing under of clover are the most practicable means of improving the soil and maintaining it in a productive condition. Soy beans produce well and have the same beneficial effect upon the soil as clover, and the acreage in this annual legume could well be increased. Farms in which the Crosby soil predominates range in price from $125 to -175 an acre. Brookston Silty Clay Loam. The surface soil of the Brookston silty clay loam, to a depth of about 10 inches, is a dark brownish gray, teavy silt loam or silty clay loam, un derlain by a drab-colored plastic silty clay, which becomes mottled with yellowish brown and light gray with in crease in depth. The lower subsoil is more compact and tenacious. Except in the larger and lower lying areas, where the humus content is highest, the substratum of brownish till is encountered within the-last foot of the profile or immediately below the 3-foot section. Where the type grades imperceptibly into the light-colored soils, the dark surface covering thins out to a veneer overlying material similar to the subsoil of the lighter types. The soil contains a high per centage of organic matter, to which is due its characteristic dark-brown color when wet or dark-gray color when dry. The type is locally termed "black land.” The Brookston silty clay loam is closely associated with the Crosby silty clay loam. While it is an easy matter to distinguish these two tyaps it was difficult and frequently impossible to represent upon the soil map many small patches of the one occuring within areas of the other. Besides these inclusions some areas of the Clyde clay loam and silty clay loam are not shown separately for the same reason. The principal variations in the Brookston soils are due to differences in drainage. In places the soil occupies depressed areas of irregular shape in the uplands, where there has been a greater accumulation of organic matter than elsewhere. The soil in these areas is darker, more friable, and frequently approaches the Clyde clay loam in its general char acteristics. The Brookston silty clay loam is the second most extensive soil in Adams county, of the area of which it forms practically one-third. Its chief development is in the central and north eastern parts, particularly in Monroe Washington, French, Kirkland and Union townships. Good-sized areas also occur in Blue Creek and Preble townships.

The type is derived from glacial material that has weathered under the conditions existing in depressions and low-lying, poorly drained flats. The surface in general is level to gently undulating, the areas having little or no natural draining, but'practically all of the type has been reclaimed by the construction of many large open mains an dthe laying of miles of tile drains. There still remain some areas, however, that would be greatly benefitted by more complete drainage systems. When thoroughly drained and prop erly managed the Brookston silty-clay loam becomes very productive. It is capable of producing large crops of corn, oats, hay, wheat and sugar beets. The soil is especially well suited to corn and grass, and these two crops occupy the greater part of the type. Oats and wheat give good yields, but t'ten run into too much to straw, especially in wet seasons. This is due to the high content of available nitrogen in the soil and plantiful supply of moisture. The or dinary yield of corn ranges from 50 to 75 bushels per acre; of oats, 30 to 60 bushels; of wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; and of hay, 1 to 2 tons. Larger yields of the minor crops also, such as potatoes, soy beans, alfalfa and vegetables, ordinarily are obtained than on the light-colored soils and the risk of damage by early frosts is greater. The growth in the hog-raising industry in Adams county is in part due to suitability of this soil for the production of corn. Planting soy

hean* with corn and turning hogs Into i the fields to pasture off the crop la a I good practice, resulting in the saving : of much labor and the enriching of i the soli. Rape and oats furnish excellent pasturage for hogs, and are grown to a small extent for this pur- ■ I ose. . i The present price of land over most of this type Is $l5O to S2OO an acre. Clyde Clay Loam. The surface soil of the Clyde clay loam consists of 9 to 12 inches of very dark gray to black friable clay loam to silty clay loam. The subsoil in the upper part is a gray to bluish-gray tough clay loam to clay, grading below into a more friable clay loam and this within a few inches into the par ent material, which* is only slightly weathered and strongly calcareous. Normally the upper subsoil is a dull gray with streaks and mottlings of yellow and rusty brown, while at greater depth is developed a lighter or bluish-gray color with more pronounced yellow and 'brown mottlings. The toil and upper subsoil have been leached of free carbonates, but they are not everywhere acid or at most only slightly so and applications of lime are not essential for larger yields. The chatacteristics of this type ;<re intermediated between those of the Brookston soils on 'he one hand ar.t. those of ,'ieas of shallow Much underlain of clay on the other. The areas approaching nearest a true Muck have the deepest soil an dthe darkest color. The C'ydt clay loam occupies large flats and small depressed areas where a marshy or semi-swampy condition prevailed for a long period of time. While not an extensive type in Adams county it occurs in several widely scattered areas. The largest lies out of Geneva, occupying the large flat known as "The Lob” north of Ceylon, along Blue Creek southwest of Monroe, and hot dering the areas of Muck and Peat east of Berne, and west of Peterson. Areas of an acre or so may be found in manw places through the Brookston silty clay loam. These usually occupv slight sags or swaUs. With y»e other dark soils of the area, nearly all of the Clyde clay loam has been drained and brought under cultivation. The area near Ceylon and a part of “The Lob” at Geneva is subject to occasional overflows by hack water from the Wabash river. The type is used for the same crops and farmed in the same way as the Brookston silty clay loam, corn and hay being the chief crops grown. It produces heavy yields of oats and wheat, but the tendency of these crops is to run too much to straw and lodge badly, especially if the weather is wet during the maturing season. It is an excellent soil for growing sugar beets, but little or none of it is being used for this purpose. Corn yields from 40 to 75 bushels, oats 30 to 70 bushels, wheat 12 to 25 bushels, and hay from 1 to 2 tons per acre. The selling price of land of this type ranges from $l5O to $250 an acre.

NEGROES IN STEEL REGION Southern Negro Finding Opening In Pennsylvania Industrial Centers. By JOHN NIMICK. .(United Press Staff Correspondent.) Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 7. (United Press.)—The big industrial centers in and around Pittsburgh have no “negro problems”—labor, social or otherwise. Fifty thousand of the black men have filtered into Western Pennsylvania since the exodus started from the Southern States eighteen months ago, but all agencies here —white as well as colored —agree that the tremendous job of finding the newcomers work and suitable shelter is being carried out in smooth and busi-ness-like fashion. The big factor in solving the negro labor problem is a highly organized and efficiently managed institution devoted exclusively to furthering the interests of the colored race in this district. This organization is called the Urban League, a clearing house which not only gets jobs for negroes anxious to leaves their southern homes, but pbtains for them suitable lodging quarters and keeps tab- on their moral educational and spiritual welfare after they have settled here. The Urban League also prevents negroes from becoming a drug on the Pittsburgh labor market by arranging with their representatives in the South to send to Pittsburgh just as many negroes as there are places found for them in Western Pennsylvania. Placed In Steel Mills. When the negroes arrive here, usually in companies of from fifty to 200 or 300, they are placed in jobs in the various steel mills in Pittsburgh, Mo-1 nesseen, Donora, Sharon and Farrell, and also in the railroad and construe-J tion camps, where they are in great demand. The average wage for the negro la-' borer in the steel mill is from 40 to ■4"> cents an hour on a nine and ten-hour day. He may get slightly more or less, depending, whether he works on

DECATUR DAILY DEMOCRAT, SAT., SEPT. 8, 1923.

one of the three eight-hour shifts on a tonnage basis or on an hourly basis. Reports of a guaranteed wage of $8 a day for negro labor are Incorrect. The average scale In railroad camps is 40 cents an hour. The construction camp laborer gets more, averaging 50 cents an hour. Hundreds of the newcomers have gone to work in the coal mines and coke ovens of the great Fayette County and Connellsville region, where the negro is favored by the coal operators because ho failed to show sympathy toward the miners' union in last year's unsuccessful strike here. The Connellsville Interests make no secret of the fact that the non-union walkout last Fall was broken by the Southern negro After a negro has once been placed In a job he is expected to hold it and obey the laws of the community in which he was put by the Urban League. Any negro who habitually leaves his job the Durban League turns over the Police Chief Magistrate P. J. Sullivan, whose pet hobby is to send loafdrs to the workhouse for sixty days. Six In One Room. Like any other big industrial center, Pittsburgh is overcrowded and it is no unusaial sight to see six negroes sleeping in one room in many of the “flop houses” in the colored section on Wylie Avenue. But thirty million dollars’ worth of apartment building construction was started last Spring, and most of this is now completed. Some of the incoming negroes have located in lower North side mill districts, and many white residents while offering no vigorous protest, made preparations to move to sections where the colored race is barred. The colored population in Pittsburgh itself totals about 35,000 today, about 5 per cent, of the total. For this reason police and health officers do not fear race riots or disease, because the Pittsburgh negro, once he is acclimated under guidance of leaders of the colored race, becomes a clean and well-behaved citizen.

STOCK IS POISONED Wild Snakeroot Kills Stock On Morgan County Farm Paragon, Sept. B—Farmers in the southwestern part of Morgan county have suffered heavy financial losjs the past month from the death of cattle, sheep and horses from eating wild snakeroot. Discovery of the cause of the death of the animals was made by T. C. Cravens county agent and A. A. Hansen of the Purdue University Experiment station who were called in when the farmers found their stock dying off. One farmer lost his entire herd of 15 valuable cattle another lost 11 head, and many others lost sheep and -horses.

Marriage Superstition Proved. The day before that set for her marriage a girl of Leeds, England, laughingly tried on her bridal veil, despite the protests of superstitious friends. Ten minutes later her father came in with the news that her fiance had met with sudden death in a street accident.

You won’t want a, a chip’off the old 'WP / & block when you see these new ones! tTlic chips nre flying around out Hat cases—but they are all new chips off' clean new blocks—there is no deadwood or driftwood in sight. Every hat new—-everyone blocked to express something more than to make an impression on our Sales record. If you need a new hat—and 94 out of every hundred men who live in Decatur do—come to headquarters and hatquarters where you can be sure of taking home a hat that won't be sent back when your wife sees it. , . Portis and Stetson Fall Hats $2.00 lo $7.00 —it’s a good idea to PnnTiS Hatc i ,ick out a new ca p rUIAHQ 11**-* 3 same day one good "Where the best IS WOm turn deserves another. fetuL-T-Ayexb Go U BETTER CLOTHES FOR LESS J MONEY-ALWAYS—- • DECATUR • INDIANA*

UNEMPLOYMENT SUBJECT OF INTERNAT’L CONFERENCE By HENRY WOOD (United Press Service' Luxembourg, Sept. 8. —A three days' international conference on the question of unemployment will open hentomorrow, under the presidency of Emil Reuter, Minister of State and President of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Before the close of the conference it Is hoped that a general program can be adopted for recommendations to all States that will tend greatly to to solve what has been the most ser ions economic problem facing the world since the close of the war. The delegations present will represent the Ministries of Labor of the leading countries of the world and especially of the European ones, various provlncal and municipal authorities o fnumerous Sstates employers' and workmen’s organizations, employment offices most every organization dealing with the unemployment DEMPSEY HAS ADVANTAGE Several Physicial Advantages Also Has Mental Superority. By HENRY L. FARRELL (United Press Sports Editor) New York, Sept. 8. —Jack Dempsey will have several advantages over Luis Firpo when they meet in New York on September 14 for the world’s heavyweight championship. His physical advantages are several and they may be over come, hut his mental edge hardly can be removed as a tremendous factor. The champions’ physical advan-1 tages consist of greater experience, more knowledge of fighting as it is followed in the orthodox way and superior boxing skill. These are known assets. Dempsey may and may not. be as strong as Firpo. Perhaps he is not as strong in brute power. Dempsey may be able to hit harder than Firpo, but that is open to doubt. ‘ The champion is better with his left hand than the South American and he is a faster puncher, but if he hasn't the strength to topple over Firpo, the one right hand of the South American will be better than his two. When is comes to mental qualifications, as mentality is applied to fight ing, the champion has all the edge by a big margin. Champions, as a rule, have that mental edge because ' .the opponent is bound to get into the brain trap that he is fighting the champion. Dempsey has no doubts as far as ' it is possible to discern, that he can beat any fighter in the world. Firpo cannot feel the same way. as he must know, down deep within himself, that he is carrying the big handicap of comparative novice against a skilled artist. Firpo has given unmistakable evidence that he feels he is not sure to walk out of the ring after he walks in. Perhaps he had reasons for wanting Tex Rickard to postpone the fight for another year. With twelve more months in which to capitalize his standing as the next opponent for Dempsey, he could have picked up at least a quarter of a million dollars and the Angel sure does love his money.

It might be that Firpo really believes he can whip Dempsey and that his desire for more time was inspired purely by mercenary motives. Mentally alert as he Is, however, Firpo could not help but be affected by the statements of bis trainer and his friends that he faced a sure defeat if he fought Dempsey before another year’s training. Crowds surrounding the average fighter, even among second raters, as a rule sound nothing but his praises. When Dempsey was training for Carpentier, he heard nothing but: "He's a setup for you. Ono round.” Dempsey became aggravated with the rosy prospects painted for him that he asked to have Cnrpentier's name left out of his conversation. On the other hand. Firpo's friends and advisers have not missed an opportunity to hold up. with all its hazards, the prospects of his fight with Dempsey. It is but natural that confidence in an athlete cannot be increased by having it constantly called to mind that he has a great task ahead of him. A keen-brained fighter is not in danger of over-con-fidence by hearing others express faith in him, but a smart fighter is injured when even his best friends hesitate to assure him that he is a sure winner. In their training camps, the difference in the mental edge of the two fighters is very apparent. In every word and action Dempsey displays the utmost confidence that he will come out of the fight as [champion. He is a very sensible I young man. and he is in no danger of falling victim to over-confidence. When he was training for his ' light with Carpentier at Atlantic I City he told those who kept insisting that the Frenchman was a sec- ’ ond-rater: i "He can't be with that record of his." SULPHUR SOOTHES UGLY.ITCHINGSKIN THE FIRST APPLICATION MAKES SKIN COOL AND COMFORTABLE If you are suffering from eczema or some other torturing, embarrassing skin trouble you may quickly be rid of it by using Rowles Mentho- Sulphur, declares a noted skin specialist. This sulphur preparation, because of its germ destroying properties, seldom fails to quickly subdue itching. even of fiery eczema. The first application makes the skin cool and comfortable. Rash and blotches are healed right up. Rowles Mentho-Sul-phur is applied like any pleasant cold cream is is perfectly harmless. You can obtain a small jar from any good druggist.

FERTILIZER High Grade Carload is coming. 10% off for cash at car door. LITTLE FEED STORE, Joe Rrunnegraf.

Utility Securities are Safe because the business is essential