Crawfordsville Weekly Journal, Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, 19 April 1890 — Page 4

THE JOURNAL.

PRINTED EVERT SATURDAY. X. H. B. McCAIN, Editor. One Year, In advance *ERM8: One Tear, outalde county.. 1.85 (.Six Months, In adranoe 7 5

SATURDAY, APRIL 19, 1890.

REPUBLICAN TICKET.

Forjudge—E. C. SNYDER. For Pjosecutor—VV. T. WHITTINGTON. For .Representative—T. J. ARMSTRONG. For Auditor—JOHN C. WINGATE. Fer Treasurer—A. F. RAMSE V. For Sheriff—rRF.D C. BANDEL. For lirvnyor—JAMES M. WAIJGH. Fo. Coron.-r-GEOIlGE W, TUCKER, For'-ouiitilssloiiers— 24 District—MICHAEL PRICE. 3d District—AQU1LLA W. GROVES.

For Mayo:—W7LLT A 0. CARR. For Clerk—t K.5 i.Jiw M. SCOIT. For Tr'asui*ei -V. LUAM E.NICHOLSON. For Marshal—HORACE P. ENSMINGER., For Assessor—FRANK NUCKOLLS. For Councilman, 1st Ward—WILLIAM M. DARTER.

For Councilman, 2nd Ward—JOSEPH R. DUNCAN. For Councilman, 3d Ward—ANDREW E. REYNOLDS,

THE TICKET.

The Republican ticket nominated last Saturday is headed by Hon. EDWARD 0. SNYDER forjudge of the Twen-ty-second Judicial Oirouit. Judge Snyder has served five years on the bench and he is admittedly one of the leading Oirouit Judges of the State. He is a most excellent lawyer, and possesses a mind that readily grasps all sides of a legal question, which has given him a reputation throughout the S+ate. In all respects he is'fair and impartial, and in his judicial capaoity knows neither friend nor foe. Because of his ability, his straight forward honesty and his incorruptibility lie is not only popular with the bar but with the masses of the people.

WHJUAM T. WHiTTiNaTON, the nominee for Prosecuting Attorney,is a young lawyer of ability and brilliancy. He is a graduate of the Ann Arbor law school and has had an experience of about five years in the practice. Besides a good knowledge of the law he is an orator of no mean ability, tend whether on the stump, hustings or forum heoan instruct as well as entertain. He will make a worthy successor to the present efficient and fearless prosecutor.

THOMAS J. ARMSTRONG, the candidate for Representative, is a farmer and stock raiser and lives in Soott township. He is an intelligent and progressive oitizen and knows the legislative needs of the people. That he will meet the expectations of his friends in the discharge of his legislative duties is fully justified by the enthusiastic support which he .received from his new born arid friends.

JOHN 0.' WINGATGF 'the nominee for Auditor, is not unknown to the people of the county. Although a poor -boy, yet he has by his industry, energy and perseverance risen from poverty to fairly good circumstances. By his own efforts he became possessed of a good education and possesses all the qualifications, both in a business way and educationally, to make a good and competent Auditor of his county. In politics as in business he is a hustlsr and ever since he was old enough he has taken an active interest in public affairs.

ALEXANDER F. RAMSEY, the candidate for Treasurer, is the effioient incumbent of the office. His integrity is beyond question, and to such a degree did he possess the confidence of the people that he was nominated without any opposition. Being a thorough business man, he transaots the duties of his office in a business way. With him no slip shod methods go. And it can safely be said that when he turns his office over to MB successor three years from next September every cent will be accounted for. No deficency will be provided for by the Board of Commissioners.

FRED 0. BANDEL, the successful candidatj for Sheriff over so many worthy competitors, is a popular gentleman of Teutonic origin. He came to this city about fifteen years ago as a stone cutter. As a mechanic he is master of his trade. He is an affable and pleasant gentleman, possesses all the necessary qualifications to make au excellent Sheriff, popular with everybody who has the honor of his acquaintance, and will give his opponent whoever he may be a lively tussle for possession of the office. Indeed, his election is conceded by many Demcrats.

JAMES M. WAUQH, the nominee for urveyor, is the present occupant of that offioe. While the duties are not onerous nor the income great, yet the position is one of responsibility and requires a thorough knowledge of surveying and engineering to satisfactorily fill the office, whioh Mr. Waugh possesses to an eminent degree. He has heretofore been blected by large majorities and there is no reason to believe that he will fall behind his hitherto large vote.

DB. GEORGE W. TOOKEB, the candidate for Coroner, is a physician. He lives at Bowers Station, in Sugar Creek township, where he enjoys a lucrative practice. The only corpse we bespeak

for him is the corpse of the Democratic party. MIOHAEII PRICE, the nominee for Commissioner of the Second District, and AQTTTT.T.A W. GROVES, the nominee for the same offioe in the Third District, are both excellent business men and are capable of transacting public business in a most satifactory manner. They are both careful and painstaking, just such men as are needed on the Board.

Such is the material of which the Republican ticket is composed. It is a ticket that the people can most enthusiastically endorse. The nominees come from different portions of the oounty so that every part as near as may be is represented. All clawtes are recognized, the farmer, the me

!anic,

the profes­

sions, and tha business man, while the solcuer was noi forgotten, there being four of the ten who served their country in the hour of its peril. Ti)S duty of Republicans now is to see that every man shall be elected.

FOUB WABrs.

The time has come with the growth of the city that it should have another ward. The three existing divisions were made when the city was incorporated twenty-five years ago. They have remained substantially as they were laid out then without change exoept that the First and Third have been enlarged by the annexation of contiguous territory to the city limits. The Second ward remains the same size. The increase in the population consequently has been in the First and Third wards whioh makes a great disproportion in the number of voters. By dividing the oity into four wards each would be even then greatly in excess of either of the three twenty-five years ago. A fair division would be to quarter the city, making Wabash avenue the east and west line and Washington street the north and south line. Or it might be necessary in order to equalize the population to run from the north line on Washington street to Wabash avenue, thence east to Water street and south on Water to the corporation line. The statutes provide the methods to be pursued in such cases. A petition signed by thirty or more freeholders resident of the wards to be affeoted is to be presented to the common council praying for the oreation of new wards. The petition should have attached thereto a roll containing an enumeration of the inhabitants thereof. The oouncil shall then submit to the voters of the oity at the next annual city election by publishing the propositions in the general notice of eleotionB, and the question shall.be decided by ballot—"yes" or "no." It is not too late to move in the matter this Spring, although the time it. short. If not taken now it should be done in time for the election next year. Even if four wards are not erected the boundaries of the Second Ward should be extended so as to make the three more equal in population. The line between the First and Second wards should be at least as far west as Walnut street, and the line between the Second and Third should be as far e'ist as Water street. The subdivisions of the oity should keep pace with the increase in population and it is to be hoped that steps will be taken to increase the number.

"IS THE TARIFF A TAXI"

The Fort Dodge (Iowa) Messenger has done good work in publishing figures whioh show what things which farmers buy cost in 1880 and what they cost in 1890, and also what things whioh farmers sell, brought in 1880 and what they bring in 1990. The Messenger has not figured on Liverpool or New York prices, but on the prices paid and asked in the town of Fort Dodge, which is in the heart of an agricultural community. Tlie self-binding reaper whioh sold for §315 in 1880 is sold for $130 in 1890. The corn planter and check rower which cost $80 in 1880 is worth but $40 in 1890. Riding cultivators in 1880 sold for $40, and in 1890 for $25. Farm wagons which weije worth $85, now sell for $50. Barb wire whioh cost 10 cents per pound in 1880 sells for cents today. Iron nails then sold for $6 a keg and Bteel nails now sell for $2.80 per keg. Window glass, over which free traders howl so loud because of the duty, is cheaper by 25 per cent, than it was ten years ago. Soft coal is half its old price, notwithstanding the duty, while anthracite coal on whioh there is no duty, sells for the same old price. Chains whioh used to sell for 22 cents p:r pound now sell for 12. Coming to groceries the same grade of sugar whioh sold for 12£ cents per pound in 1880 is now offered at 7 cents, and that whioh sold at 10 cents now sells at 6 cents. Coffee on whioh there is no tariff sells at the same figures. Unbleaohed muslin then was 8 cente, now 6 cents calico then 7 cents, now 5 cents, and a general reduction of dry goods from 23 to 33 per cent. Clotiiing is cheaper by from 30 to 50 per cent, while boots and shoes show an average reduction of 33J per cent. The articles affeoted by the "robber tariff" universally have cheapened, while anthrioite ooal and coffee, both on the free list, remain the same in price.

But the parrots will still prate that the "tariff is a tax."

QUICKER TIME ABOUND THE WOBLDA writer in The Railway Age has bee* investigating traveling facilities, to find the shortest actual time in which a trip could be made around the world. He gives an instance of how a copy of The London Times made the circuit of the globe three years ago in sixty-nine days. In Japan the Marquis of Huntley received a copy of The Times on the day that the Canadian steamer left for Vancouver. The paper had com# to him through the Suez canal and across Asia.

He immediately redirected it to The London Times office, and sent it back home across the Pacific ocean and America. It arrived in London again on the sixty-ninth day after leaving it, having traveled completely around the world.

Five hoars' travel takes the tourist from London to Liverpool. The distance from Liverpool to Quebec is 328 miles less than from Liverpool to New York. It can easily made in six days. The route over the Canadian Paciflo, from Qaebec to Vancouver, is 3,050 miles long. Over it trains nan travel more than thirty miles an hour, and the distance from

Quebec

to Vancouver can be

oovered in 4 days and 4 hours. We are now at the western edge of America. Across the Pacifio ocean is Hong Kong, the port for which the Canadian Pacific steamers coil. A fast steamer can go from Vancouver to Hong Kong in 18 days. The new ships of this line will be ocean racers.

At Hong Kong the return trip to Lon don will be made by way of the Suez canal and Brindisi, and can be accomplished in 30 days. Thus the time from London to Hong Kong will be 28 days, and that from Hong Kong to London again will require 80 days, or 58 days in all, in which the tourist has gone around the world and never once set foot upon Yankee soil. This is the point especially striking. When the Russian railway from St. Petersburg across Asia is finished, according to a table prepared by the writer, the time around the world can be shortened to 85 days and 10 hours.

WORKMEN'S HOMES.

The practice is becoming common among proprietors of large manufacturing establishments of procuring tracts of lands adjacent and erecting thereon suitable and convenient homes for their workmen, and then letting the latter become purchasers of the houses. A handsome village has thus sprung up in the vicinity of the Procter & Gamble soap works at Cincinnati.

Where the home is sold to the employe at cost or on easy terms there is apt to be permanent connection thus established between employer and employe, making it for the interest of both to treat each other like civilized men.

The Westinghouse Air Brake company is attempting something new in this direction at its shops at Wilraerding, Pa. It builds houses for its employes near the shops, and sells them at cost on monthly payments. The payments are easy, extending over ten years. It is no more than paying rent, yet when the money is all paid the workman is owner of a home.

No sum is required in advance. The monthly payments include several things. They cover the interest on the money invested, part of the principal, taxes and life and fire insurance. The life insurance feature is unique. A monthly sum is paid in by the workingman sufficient that, if he dies before the home is paid for, his family will be entitled to a sum from the company sufficient to complete the payments and leave the home to them free of debt.

Such facts as these indicate that the era of good feeling t. id mutual understanding between employer and employe is approaching.

Gallant one legged Sheriff Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, of New York, has declared his intention of wiping out the bribery and corruption that have been a poisonous blight on the shrievalty of that city for more tlian half a century. The atmosphere of rottenness that hung around It was enough to make a man hold his nose when he came within five miles of it. Sheriffs, sheriff's deputies and messengers and dirty prison keepers bled the unfortunte victims of the law like vampires and fattened on them. Now what the New York sheriffs office was, other sheriff's offices are in cities and many counties. Can Sheriff Sickles cut out the putrefaction? -Can he fill his department with honest men? If lie can, then there is hope that any sheriff's office in America can be made clean and decent. Sheriff Sickles, the eyes of your fellow countrymen are upon you.

At the same time that English syndicates are buying the great breweries and the Kentucky distilleries, temperance work in this country, certainly, was never more active. In Ireland, too, it is proceeding aggressively. A new temperance crusade there has begun under the auspices of the Catholic clergy. A circulur letter intended to promote the cause, and signed by Archbishop Walsh and others, has been read in all the churches of Ireland.

IN the death of Hon. Samuel J. Randall the Democratic party loses one of its mosc trusted leaders, and the nation one of its purest and most gifted statesmen. For more than thirty years he has been a oentral figure in politics. Beginning with the Thirty-eighth Con­

gress he has served continously in that body and during that time was twice elected Speaker. Mr. Randall was better than his party and consequently waB not in harmony with its dominant polioy. He was a thorough protectionist and believed that Thomas Jefferson was nearer right than Grover Cleveland. Though he differed from the dominant elements of his party, he adhered to the organization until the close of his long and eventful life.

The most sensitive conscience in America has just been brought to light. The United States treasurer at Washington has received $1.18, which the sender wrote was principal and interest of a sum of money taken from the mint in Philadelphia in 1886. After all, the sender has not discharged his obligations to the government. Evidently he took one dollar, on which he calculates interest at 6 per cent. He has not compounded the unpaid interest, and he has not counted in the quarter year of 1890. He is short in his accounts with the government one cent, seven mills and a half.

Henry George is again preaching singto tax and change of land tenure in Australia, whither he went at the close of winter. In writing to his paper, The Standard, of his voyage, he Bhows a poetio vein of thought that would not have been expected in him. He says of his passage across the Pacific:

Very pleasant Boem the tropic seas. This Is tho seventh time I have crossed the line, but the six times before were in my youth, and in the intervening years the recollection of what seemed to me then like the climate of Eden has lingered ID my memory, and I have often wished again to feel the fresh worm breeze over the blue sea and watch the flying fish dart and skim. The reality equals the recollection.

La grippe in Europe lias been succeeded by a strange ailment that seems to bfe assuming epidemic proportions in Hesse Cassel. It is a disease in which people sleep themselves to death. It would not be strange if, after a ccntury of "hustling" such as has been going on in England and America, the opposite state would supervene for awhile, and there would come an epidemic of drowsiness in which the victims would desire only to doze off and "do nothing forever and ever."

THE Richmond Item is mistaken when it says that the decision of Judge Bundy as to the constitutionality of section 13 of the new election law, will invalidate the whole law. This section has no necessary connection with the rest of the law, and to expunge it will not in the remotest degree, affect any. other part of the law. In such a case, as the Supreme Court has often decided, the rest of the law will not be unconstitutional. -i".

It would afford the public mind a de gree of relief to know whether Dr. Peters, the African explorer, is really dead or alive. Now we hear particulars of his last moments, and now we hear thai he is in rugged health and on bis way to the coast.

THE Chicago Tribune is still engaged in its favorite pastime of proving to the producers that the tariff cheapens their products and the consumers that it makes prices higher. There is nothing like versatility in newspaper writing.

When Grant was president it was considered remarkable that the public debt could be paid at the rate of a million a month. Now it is diminished at an average of more than a million a week, and nothing is thought of it.

Tho United States government is not going to let its Indian wards be cheated by the lottery delusion. The commissioner of Indian affairs Jias issued orders that no lottery tickets shall be sold «u the reservations.

The tornado of March 27, 1890, will be remembered as one that carried death and ruin to four states. The destructive blizzard at New York in 1888 occurred also in March, on the 12th of the month.

The Triumph of Steel in Harvestery Building. When in 18S6 the Harvesting Machine, made practically of steel instead of wood, was introduced it was denounced by all harvest manufacturers,except the manufacturers introducing it—Wm. Deering & Co. —because, as they said, it was not as durable as the wooden machines, but in reality their denunciation was caused by the fact that they feared that it would overturn their old methods of manufacture and give the farmer machines so durable in structure as to prevent their frequent reappearance to purchase another machine.

Wm. Deering & Co., however persisted in giving the farmers the benefit of their inventive ability, and in four harvest seasons they have forced every other manufacturer worth calling such to build an imitation steel machine. For 1890 the farming public will see the greatest achievement—the New Junior Steel Binder.

Cohoon & Fisher agents at Crawfordsville.

Entirely Helpless to HealthThe above statement mada by Mr6. S. H. Ford, wife of Gen. Ford, can be vouch ed for by nearly the whole population of Borunna Mich., her homo for years. She was for tM) years a terrible sufferer from rheumatism, being confined to her bed most of the time, her feet and limbs being so badly swollen she could scarcly mcve. She was induced to try a bottle of Hibbard's Rheumatic Syrup. It helped her ane two additional bottles efltirlev cured her. To day she is a well woman.

First ask your druggist, should he not keep it we will send on receipt of prije, 81,00 per bottle or six for $5.00. RHEUMATIC SYBUP CO. Jackson, Mich.

The most of our ailments come from disordered liver which Simmou's Liver Regulator cures.

The Losses on the Great Battlefields.

FIGHTING MAN AGAINST MAN.

The Cavalry Kaida— Wild Bides Under Stuart, Stoneman, Fits Lee, Kilpatrick, Straight and Vail Dorn—With Averell and Morgan, with Forrest and Wilson.

The numerical strength and losses of the contestants in the great battles and raids of the civil war, as they footed up in 1S65, show that the Confederates made the most of their advantage of position, and at the same time they show that it was only a question of time throughout when the Confederacy as a military power would be wiped out. The south had two great centers to guard—the northeast, between the Potomac and James rivers, covering Richmond and the southwest, between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, covering the great railroad connections of Georgia, North and South Carolina, West Virginia, and points on the Mississippi and the gulf became flanks of the great strategic lines. When Richmond and tho Georgia lines were in danger forces were drawn from the flanks to threatened points, and when the flanks were threatened the center was weakened. In this way, during the first three years, the south met its enemy man for man on almost every field, although, as has been shown, its total strength was inferior.

At the battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, the Confederates had about 40,000 men. Grant on the first day had a force reported at about 45,000 "present for duty," and was re-enforced during the night by 30,000 under Buell. The Confederates lost over 10,000 and Grant and Buell a trifle over 13,000. In "Stonewall" Jackson's campaign in the Shenandoah valley, in 18fi2, a flanking operation, the Confederates had 15,000 men. Jackson fought Shields, Fremont and Banks, and the forces of each of these at their highest amounted to at least 10,000 men. Fremont lost about 1,000, Shields 1,500 and Banks 3,000. Jackson's total loss was a trifle under 2,000.

RAIDING A SUPPLY TRAIN.

During the Peninsula campaign the Confederate strength at its highest was about 90,000. This included Jackson's valley army, strengthened by commands added along the route, and also Holmes' North Carolina army and all the detachments along the lower Jame3. McClellan's highest was 105,000 reported "present for duty." At the second Bull Run, August, 1802, Lee had over 50,000 men, including'Jackson. He had left troops at Richmond that did not arrive on the field until the battle was over. The Union forces fighting under Pope amounted to 00,000. Pope lo6t nearly 15,000 aud Lee not quite 10,000. In the next campaign, including the battles of South Mountain and Autiotam, Lee had his army all up, and probably his reenforcements more thau covered his losses at second Bull Run. He reported 40,000 as his strength at Autietam. Ho had already sustained some loss, and all of his forces were not on that field. McClellan reported 87,000 as his "present for duty." He had the longer line and had some detachments out, and probably fought 00,000 men at Antietam. Lee lost about 14,003 in the campaign and McClellan 15,000.

In Bragg's invasion of Kentucky in 1S62, the Confederates had the greater part of Beauregard's old Army of Mississippi, Kirby Smith's Armv of Tennessee, and a force from West Virginia led by Humphrey Marshall, a total of between 60,000 and 70,000 men. Buell opposed him In the field with about 60.000, leaving troops to d«fend Nashville, Louisville and Cincinnati. The forces of each side engaged in the battle of Perryville amounted to 15,000. Rosecrans. who succeeded Buell, met Bragg at Stone River, near Murfreesboro, in December, with a force officially reported at 43,000. Bragg reported 37,000. The Union loss was 13,000, and the Confederate 10,000. When Lee fought tho battle of Fredericksburg, December, 1803, he had about 00,000 men at hand. Burnside had "present for duty" over 115,000. After Fredericksburg, Longstreet's corps was sent below Richmond, and at Chancellorsville Lee had about (50,000 and Hooker had 130,000 "present for duty." At Fredericksburg the Union loss was 15,000 and the Confederate 5,000. At Chancellorsville the Union loss was 17,000 and the Confederate 12,000.

At tho opening of the Gettysburg campaign the Army of the Potomac numbered nearly 100,000 men, and probably there were between 90,000 and 95,000 on the field of Gettysburg. Lee's army numbered something less than 80,000, and his force available on tho battlefield was about 70,000. The Union loss was 23,000, the Confederate 20,000. At the close of the siege of Vicksburg, Grant had 75,000 men, and the Confederates under Pombertou were about 40,000. The losses were about 9,000 on each side. At Chickamauga the Union army numbered 67,000 and tho Confederate about 70,000. The preponderance of the Confederates was due to the transfer of 12,000 men under Longstreet from Virginia. The Union loss was 10,000, the Confederate nearly 18,000.

In the Chattanooga campaign, Nov. 25-27, 1863, Gen. Grant had 60,000 men and Bragg abont 80,000 Confederates. Bragg detached 20,000 against Burnside at Knoxville on the eve of the battle. The Union loss was about 6,000, the Confederate about 7,000.

In the campaign against Richmond in 1864, the army with Grant numbered 118,000, and the Confederates, under Lee, about 00,000. The Union lass in what are called the Wilderness battles, including the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, was atout 55,000. The Confederate loss has not been fully reported. In the Atlanta campaign Sherman had 112,003 men at the highest, aud the Confederates numbered 75,000. The Union loss reported was nearly 32,030, aud the Confederate 35,000. At Nashville, in 1804, the Uniou force available under Thomas was about 43,000, and the Confederates under Hoorl numbered between 35,000 and 40,000. The losses of the campaign, including those at Franklin, numbered about 10,000 a side. In Sheridan's campaigu in the Shenandoah Valley, 1804, the Union force available on the field

Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek amounted to about 11,000. The Confederate loss, according to the commander, Gen. Early, was about 7,000.

At the siege of Petersburg, June to December, 1864, the Union army varied from 60,000 to 110,000, and the Confederate from 35,000 to 70,000. Lee strengthened his forces by the North Carolina troops, and also sent troops under Gen. Early to the Shenandoah Valley. Gen. Grant sent troops from his army to the valley. The Union loss in the siege for those months was nearly 55,000. The Confederate lose was not reported.

In the final campaign from Petersburg to Appomattox tho Union armies, including those from Sheridan's Shenandoah army, numbered 120,000 men. Lee had about 55,000. The Union loss amounted to about 10,000. Lee lost heavily in prisoners during the march to Appomattox, and surrendered about 28,000 men. There were 67,058 Union soldiers killed on the field during the war and 318,187 wounded. Of the wounded 43,012 died of their wouuds. The Confederate losses have not been fully computed, but a fair estimate shows about 94,000 killed and died of wounds: According to the ratio of wounded to the killed tha wounded who survived would be about 275,000, or about the same as the Union wounded.

FAMOUS RAIDS OF THE WAR. The first raid of note was Stuart's ride around McClellan's army on the Peninsula, June 13-15, 1802. In October, 1862, while the Army of the Potomac was on the upper Potomac Stuart with 1,800 cavalry and a horse battery crossed the river above the army and penetrated into Pennsylvania as far as Gettysburg, recrossing the Potomac between the army and Washington. But little damage was doue. During the Chancellorsville cam-' paign Gen. Hooker sent his cavalry under Stoneman to cut the Confederate lines between Lee's army and Richmond. Stoneman had 3,500 men, and passed around the army, destroying several miles of the railroads, cutting the James River canal and burning numerous bridges on tho principal streams. One of the most exciting expeditions of the war was the joint raids of Forrest and Van Dorn against Grant's communications in northern Mississippi and western Tennessee in the fall of 1862.

During the battle of Stone River, Teun., December, 1SG2, Gen. Joseph Wheeler, made an important raid on the Union communications in rear of Rosecrans' army. Wheeler had 3,000 men and destroyed property amounting to a million dollars. The most daring raid of the west was Morgan's expedition into Indiana aud Ohio. Morgan led a Confederate cavalry brigade and became celebrated by many small affairs near the scone of army operations. During Bragg's invasion of Kentucky he'had ridden to tho suburbs of Cincinnati On July 2 he started with about* 2,500 cavalry and four guns, and crossed the Cumberland at Burkesville. He swept through southern Indiana and across Ohio, to its northeastern border, where he was captured July 26.

While the Army of the Potomac, under Meade, was lying on the Rapldan, February, 1864, Gen. Kilpatrick, with 4,000 cavalry and a battery, set out in passed around the flank of Lee and, reached the fortifications at Richmond. He destroyed the railroads between Lee's army and Richmond, but was soon opposed by forces that compelled him to retire down thePeninsula. From May 8 to 24, 1804, during the advance of Grant towards Richmond, S id a it about 10,000 men, passed to tho rear of Leo and pressed on towards Richmond, destroying railroads and suj CONFEDERATE SOLDIER. plies. On the 11th he encountered Stuart, and that noted leader fell in action. Sheridan reached the fortifications at Richmond and withdrew down the James. On the 7th of June, while Grant's army was in front of Richmond, Sheridan started with his whole force on a raid against the railroads from Richmond to Gordonsville and Lynchburg. Ho mot the Confederate cavalry, under Gen. Wade Hampton, at Trevilian Station, on the Virginia Central railroad, and fought June 11 and 12, meeting with a repulse that ended the expedition.

A bold but disastrous raid in the west was that led by Col. A. D. Streight. In April, 1S83, Streight, with 1,700 cavalry, was sent by Gen. Rosecrans to the rear of Bragg's army, in southern Tennessee, to cut the railroads in Georgia. Streight and 1,300 men were captured near the Georgia line. A more successful raid sent out by Rosecrans was one by Col. S. P. Carter, with three regiments of cavalry, from middle Tennessee to Virginia, December, 1SC2. Carter destroyed the track and bridges of the Virginia and East Tennessee railroad north of Knoxville. In tho last year of the war this region of southwest Virginia was important to the Confederates on account of its saltworks. In December, 1804, Gen. Stoneman, with 4,000 cavalry, entered seuthwest Virginia from East Tennessee and raided the numerous salt works and destroyed the tracks. In February, 1865, Stoneman repeated his raid into Virginia, destroying the railroad nearly to Lynchburg, and then passing into North Carolina, where his command was at the time of the surrender of Lee and Johnston. Among the Union raids from West Virginia against the Confederate region of southwest Virginia was that by Gen. W. W. Averell, December. 1863. Averell had 4,000 cavalry and cut the Tennessee road, south of Lynchburg, destroying large quantities of Confederate stores.

Gen. James H. Wilson made two successful cavalry raids. June 22 to 30th, 1864, he operated within the enemy's lines close' to Lee's army At Petersburg, with a force of 5,500 men. He marched 800 miles, destroyed sixty miles of railroad, fought a vigilant force of infantry and cavalry almost every day and returned with a loss of 240 killed and wounded. Ia.

March and April, 1805, Wilson bad a mounted force of about 13,000 men, and started from the Tennessee river, in Alabama, to sweep the Confederates out of Alabama aud Georgia. He was opposed by Forrest's cavalrjr and local troops^ battles, defeated For­

UNION ZOUAVE.

Wilson fought several

was

about 43,030, and the Confederate 20,000 at the highnst. Sheridan's losses at Winchester,

rest, captured fortified towns, destroyed railways, iron works and factories and reached Macon, Ga., to learn of the surrender of Lee and the negotiations between Johnston and Sherman.

S

GEOBGB L. KILKEB.